Friday, January 31, 2020

McKinsey Quarterly-Getting practical about the future of work, by Bryan Hancock, Kate Lazaroff-Puck, and Scott Rutherford

The following information is used for educational purposes only.


McKinsey Quarterly

Getting practical about the future of work

January 2020

By Bryan Hancock, Kate Lazaroff-Puck, and Scott Rutherford

Adapting to a digital age will require organizations—and not just employees—to equip themselves with new capabilities.


What story will people tell about your organization over the next ten years? Will they celebrate an enthusiastic innovator that thrived by adapting workforce skills and ways of working to the demands of the new economy? Or will they blame poor financial or operational results, unhappy employees, and community disruption on a short-sighted or delayed talent strategy?

Our modeling shows that by 2030, up to 30 to 40 percent of all workers in developed countries may need to move into new occupations or at least upgrade their skill sets significantly. Research further suggests that skilled workers in short supply will become even scarcer. Some major organizations are already out front on this issue. Amazon recently pledged $700 million to retrain 100,000 employees for higher-skilled jobs in technology (for example, training warehouse employees to become basic data analysts). JPMorgan Chase made a five-year, $350 million commitment to develop technical skills in high demand—in part targeting its own workers. And Walmart has already invested more than $2 billion in wages and training programs, including Walmart Pathways, which educates entry-level employees about the company’s business model and helps workers develop valuable soft skills.1

Any company that doesn’t join the early adopters and address its underlying talent needs may fall short of its digital aspirations. Equally important, senior managers may miss opportunities to work collaboratively with employees to create a prosperous and fulfilling future for all stakeholders—the communities where the company operates, its workforce, and the wider society that ultimately sanctions its activities.

Why employers should lead the way

The pace and scale of technological disruption—with its risks of unemployment and growing income inequality—are as much a social and political challenge as a business one. Nonetheless, employers are best placed to be in the vanguard of change and make positive societal impact—for example, by upgrading the capabilities of their employees and equipping them with new skills. And employers themselves stand to reap the greatest benefit if they can successfully transform the workforce in this way. Many leading businesses are realizing that they cannot hire all the new skills they need. The better solution is to look internally and develop talent they already have, as this approach is often not only quicker and more financially prudent but also good for morale and the company’s long-term attractiveness to potential recruits.

We already know from our executive surveys that most leaders see talent as the largest barrier to the successful implementation of new strategies—notably, those driven by digitization and automation. Furthermore, 64 percent of executives in the United States, and more than 50 percent in the United States and Europe combined, agree that companies should take the lead in closing the global skill gap and preparing employees for the future of work.


Regrettably, the gap between the statements of these executives and the actions of their companies is stark. Only a third of global executives report that their organizations have launched any new reskilling programs, including small pilots. Yet digital skills are in short supply as incumbents in traditional industries actively recruit people who have them and as tech companies expand.

The good news, as we will explain, is that by taking concrete steps now to build an infrastructure that supports the future of work, companies can set themselves up for success in this new competitive era.

Rolling out the road map

Our work with some of the early movers has taught us that a successful transformation involves three broad phases (Exhibit 1). At first blush, they appear to be commonsensical, but each of them involves steps that are new to most organizations.

Exhibit 1 (See source article)

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First comes an initial period of scouting. In this stage, the company develops a single vision of its digital and automation future and the total value of that future. It also identifies the most important skill gaps—looking at future needs, not just extrapolating from the past (the norm in much workforce planning). Then it assesses the organization’s readiness to deliver.

Second, there is a period of shaping, to redesign work for the demands of a more digital future and to create upskilling programs, often together with employees. This phase also involves developing the infrastructure of what we call a talent accelerator to facilitate the deployment of talent in the most important future roles.

The third phase requires shifting the organization’s suite of talent-related activities onto a bigger scale. This work constitutes an acknowledgment that institutional capabilities to help employees adapt to the future of work are just as important as near-term (and seemingly more urgent) talent priorities.

Scouting the potential, assessing gaps, and reviewing readiness

The first questions to ask are, “Is our aspiration and plan ambitious enough?” and then, “Is there a central view of the total value of our digital strategy if we achieve the aspiration?” In other words, is the company capturing the full opportunity of automation and new technologies, not just the opportunities to cut costs?

Indeed, many companies make the mistake of focusing too much on just the costs and ignore the potential of new technologies to generate new revenues. Mired in the many small, localized, and often siloed individual initiatives that typically abound in organizations, most such companies have a hard time justifying needed investments and injecting a sense of urgency. They end up falling behind, never having grasped the magnitude of the opportunity in front of them.

For example, consider the insurance company pondering how to get enough qualified software developers to staff digital initiatives. Company leaders sought to choose between two proposals. One suggestion was to upgrade the skills of existing tech employees and redeploy them to new auto- and home-insurance businesses that were set on a critical new digital path; another idea was to offer higher wages to compete in the external market. On closer examination, the insurer’s transformation office discovered that the potential additional profit of the digital initiatives came to more than $300 million a year when it added up the estimated benefits (including revenue growth) and the more obvious cost reductions likely to flow from automation, digitalization, and more agile ways of working. The company’s top team could now see the big picture and the opportunity it represented—almost $1 million a day of earnings before interest, taxes, and amortization (EBIT). They quickly agreed on a number of measures, including both new skill programs for current employees and higher starting salaries to attract new hires.

Many companies make the mistake of focusing too much on just the costs and ignore the potential of new technologies to generate new revenues.

Diagnosing the existing capabilities of the workforce and comparing them with future needs are important parts of the scouting phase. Fluid workplace transitions make point predictions pointless. But even a rough up-front analysis is useful for estimating the gaps ahead. It can be particularly helpful to look at competitors that are further ahead in anticipating their talent needs or at “aspirational” firms, such as start-ups. Honest reflection on the capacity and quality of your organization’s learning-and-development unit is crucial, and so is the organization’s broader health, notably its employee value proposition. There’s no point enduring the expense of retraining and redeploying expensive talent if the newly skilled employees think that competitors are more attractive and thus walk out the door.

One global telco we know used an outside–in competitive analysis to assess its skills gap. This showed that if the company was going to deliver on its strategy and match the number of advanced-analytics specialists and software developers that leading competitors employed, it would have to hire or retrain more data-science and digital talent than it had originally expected. The exercise prompted the creation of new recruiting tactics to target data-science talent, as well as an effort to train existing staff on cloud platforms, among other skill-building initiatives.

The outside–in study also highlighted deficiencies in the global telco’s employee value proposition. The company realized, for example, that it was lacking in growth opportunities for digital talent. This realization was the signal to start work on some of the weaker elements of the company’s employee experience, including work–life balance, job-advancement opportunities, and the development of a tighter community of digital talent. As this example suggests, understanding the full value at stake and identifying the most important skill gaps are invaluable first steps—which in turn make possible the detailed work-redesign and talent investments that come next.

Shaping work and developing the right infrastructure

The scouting phase is largely centralized and top down. In the shaping phase, employers are better off taking an approach inspired by design thinking. To integrate technology, now and in the future, companies should gain a deep understanding of the way each employee and team does their present work and have them take part in redesigning their roles and ways of working. Involving employees in that process will undoubtedly spark better ideas about how roles might be split up, which activities require which skills, which technologies will be utilized (and how), and which new ways of working will be needed. Moreover, such involved employees will also surface and address pain points early on. Instead of generating the fear and resentment that can haunt strictly top-down initiatives, the process will give employees an opportunity to shape their own paths.

The balancing act. Outside–in analytics and expert input also can help to generate answers, at least when organizations introduce new work. By closely studying the experience of other players, companies can replicate—with confidence—the sorts of structures and roles that work elsewhere. Nonetheless, research at Stanford University has shown that “job crafting”—involving individuals in the design of their own jobs—creates stronger skill matches and smoother transitions. One way is to start with parts of the business that have the most to gain from new technology, notching up early wins, and then cascade the message to other functions by using the well-tried and -tested techniques of the McKinsey influence model.

This collaborative approach to designing new roles can create unexpected, novel, and value-adding types of work. One payments player, for example, found that a new prediction engine based on its customers’ online and account behavior saved valuable employee time at its call centers. The employees used some of that time to work with the company’s products and services, bringing the customer’s voice to discussions in a way that improved operational outcomes and gave employees a more diverse set of learning and career experiences.

Research has shown that “job crafting”—involving individuals in the design of their own jobs—creates stronger skill matches and smoother transitions.

The future-of-work talent accelerator. Redesigning work is about far more than changing existing roles. Digital strategies are creating entirely new, mission-critical tasks, and companies are undertaking them in new ways (including project-based work in agile teams). In response, some leading organizations are looking inside—developing structures to help systematically place the best-fit internal employees in roles—versus reflexively filling them with permanent hires from the outside.

These structures—talent accelerators—are similar to an internal marketplace for talent.2 Their responsibilities include identifying the most relevant project-based work across the organization; defining the knowledge, skills, attitudes, and experience required; and then finding the best-fit talent. In some cases, employees may be identified and deployed on project teams directly; in others, the accelerator provides training and support to build new capabilities and skills, as much as possible through on-the-job learning (Exhibit 2).

Exhibit 2 (See source article)

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In addition, the accelerator monitors on-the-job performance and the participants’ acquisition of skills and feeds these data into the broader HR systems of the company, so it can adapt as employees do by offering people new opportunities as they develop new skills. Finally, the accelerator gathers data on which projects (and corresponding skills) are most in demand, helping the company to refine what “best fit” means and to learn which training interventions make the biggest difference.

A company’s history—and current requirements—will no doubt determine how that organization defines the scope of an accelerator and sets it up (including supporting it with the latest technology). There are several options. Will the accelerator largely be a tech “talent-matching and learning” platform? Or will employees actually be located “inside” the accelerator at any point? Should the structure ultimately embrace all available talent, including contractors and temporary employees? How are employees selected? Most companies will probably start small, focusing on high-performing people whose roles are changing and placing them, perhaps after project work, in some of the most critical roles for the future.

One financial-services firm created a user-friendly platform that takes advantage of analytics to help employees and HR leaders deal with work transitions. A key element was to create an up-to-date individual skill profile for every employee—first by trawling HR data and LinkedIn and then by getting employees to review and correct their own entries. These surprisingly rare databases are a vital tool to ensure that redeploying human capital not only addresses the organization’s strategic needs but also helps provide employees with a vibrant skill-development journey.

At the financial-services company, employees ultimately took a favorable view of the accelerator and, through it, of the whole transformation. They felt that their company was investing in their professional future and helping them to influence the direction of their careers.

The design of upskilling and reskilling. Within or alongside the platform, companies will need to create or modernize their organizational-learning function so that it is rooted in the principle of employee self-direction and based on adult-learning concepts. Adult learning has become cheaper and more effective thanks to exciting new technologies (such as microlearning, simulations, gamification, and virtual coaching) and to new techniques (for instance, those for managing stress).

Adult learning has become cheaper and more effective thanks to exciting new technologies (such as microlearning, simulations, gamification, and virtual coaching) and to new techniques (for instance, those for managing stress).

One European bank made a huge investment in digital learning as an alternative to laying off thousands of staff in the wake of the digitization of its core business. It has not only introduced a learning team with video-production specialists, graphic designers, and illustrators but also developed a highly sophisticated mobile app. The quality is so good that the learning-and-development unit has turned itself into a revenue center by selling the app to other companies. That money comes in addition to savings from the elimination of some in-person learning sessions, which generated travel expenses and required time away from work. Many employees report that they spend up to half of their time on the app outside working hours, on top of learning modules during the day. Over several years, the bank has involved more than 10,000 employees in the program, and subsequently has placed many in new lines of business.

Shifting the workforce at scale

Implementation at scale can start once the organization has begun to redesign the work of some units or functions and has established a pilot of the talent accelerator. As companies ramp up their efforts, they should expect two additional challenges.

‘Offboarding’ with sensitivity. Not all employees affected by change will find opportunities within their current company. Despite their best efforts, some may fall short of acquiring the skills needed to make the transition to new areas of work; others may prefer to seek new employment than to change. The scale and pace of workplace transition demand enormous sensitivity. Companies increasingly understand the importance of thoughtful outplacement, both as a manifestation of good corporate citizenship and as a basic necessity in the increasingly difficult war for talent.

Many are forming partnerships with new, tech-savvy outplacement firms that help prepare employees for fresh opportunities by encouraging them to acquire skills likely to be useful elsewhere and by activating growth mind-sets. Other companies help employees to find the next role more directly—for example, by making arrangements with other local employers or encouraging people to explore new roles at suppliers or vendors (or, in Amazon’s case, to become a supplier to the previous employer).


Accelerating the skilling engine. The company’s learning-and-development engine will also probably expand during this phase as more employees embark on more diverse journeys. Critically, companies will need to measure the return on their investment in employee skilling—for example, by evaluating how successful they have been in giving their employees new skills and comparing the cost of these efforts with how much they would have spent on hiring. That expense should include the opportunity cost of waiting to hire in a highly competitive market.

Leadership energy is an essential building block for new skills. One Europe-based technology company we know is well advanced in its journey through the third phase. After redesigning the roles and work of an important business unit, the company turned to its newly enhanced learning-and-development function. This group, in turn, worked with technology and learning vendors to design role-specific learning journeys, which have helped upskill and reskill more than 20,000 employees.

The company consciously used the results of an initial pilot study to improve both the digital and in-person learning modules for later cohorts. It also created “sounding boards” to hear about and respond to the questions and concerns of employees. To show the connection between the skill-building initiatives and developments in the business, leaders made a point of speaking honestly and frequently about the transformation at meetings and on calls. These leaders insist that the program will not be a “one and done” effort and that lifelong learning and reskilling will become embedded within the organization.

CEOs increasingly worry that talent shortages will upend their strategies and that talent decisions may upend the communities where they operate. Yet companies can start putting the right people in the right places and turning the challenges posed by AI and automation into an opportunity rather than a threat.

About the author(s)

Bryan Hancock is a partner in McKinsey’s Washington, DC, office, where Scott Rutherford is a senior partner; Kate Lazaroff-Puck is a practice manager in the Boston office.


Source:https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/organization/our-insights/getting-practical-about-the-future-of-work

Sunday, January 26, 2020

Future of Skills: Jobs in 2030

The following information is used for educational purposes only.



Future of Skills: Jobs in 2030



Sep 27, 2017








Source: www.youtube.com

TED TALKS-Andrew McAfee: What will future jobs look like?

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TED2013 | February 2013


 What will future jobs look like?

Andrew McAfee

Economist Andrew McAfee suggests that, yes, probably, droids will take our jobs -- or at least the kinds of jobs we know now. In this far-seeing talk, he thinks through what future jobs might look like, and how to educate coming generations to hold them.


ABOUT THE SPEAKER

Andrew McAfee · Management theorist

Andrew McAfee studies how information technology affects businesses and society.






Transcript:

The writer George Eliot cautioned us that, among all forms of mistake, prophesy is the most gratuitous. The person that we would all acknowledge as her 20th-century counterpart, Yogi Berra, agreed. He said, "It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future."
I'm going to ignore their cautions and make one very specific forecast. In the world that we are creating very quickly, we're going to see more and more things that look like science fiction, and fewer and fewer things that look like jobs. Our cars are very quickly going to start driving themselves, which means we're going to need fewer truck drivers. We're going to hook Siri up to Watson and use that to automate a lot of the work that's currently done by customer service reps and troubleshooters and diagnosers, and we're already taking R2D2, painting him orange, and putting him to work carrying shelves around warehouses, which means we need a lot fewer people to be walking up and down those aisles.
Now, for about 200 years, people have been saying exactly what I'm telling you -- the age of technological unemployment is at hand — starting with the Luddites smashing looms in Britain just about two centuries ago, and they have been wrong. Our economies in the developed world have coasted along on something pretty close to full employment.
Which brings up a critical question: Why is this time different, if it really is? The reason it's different is that, just in the past few years, our machines have started demonstrating skills they have never, ever had before: understanding, speaking, hearing, seeing, answering, writing, and they're still acquiring new skills. For example, mobile humanoid robots are still incredibly primitive, but the research arm of the Defense Department just launched a competition to have them do things like this, and if the track record is any guide, this competition is going to be successful. So when I look around, I think the day is not too far off at all when we're going to have androids doing a lot of the work that we are doing right now. And we're creating a world where there is going to be more and more technology and fewer and fewer jobs. It's a world that Erik Brynjolfsson and I are calling "the new machine age."
The thing to keep in mind is that this is absolutely great news. This is the best economic news on the planet these days. Not that there's a lot of competition, right? This is the best economic news we have these days for two main reasons. The first is, technological progress is what allows us to continue this amazing recent run that we're on where output goes up over time, while at the same time, prices go down, and volume and quality just continue to explode. Now, some people look at this and talk about shallow materialism, but that's absolutely the wrong way to look at it. This is abundance, which is exactly what we want our economic system to provide. The second reason that the new machine age is such great news is that, once the androids start doing jobs, we don't have to do them anymore, and we get freed up from drudgery and toil.
Now, when I talk about this with my friends in Cambridge and Silicon Valley, they say, "Fantastic. No more drudgery, no more toil. This gives us the chance to imagine an entirely different kind of society, a society where the creators and the discoverers and the performers and the innovators come together with their patrons and their financiers to talk about issues, entertain, enlighten, provoke each other." It's a society really, that looks a lot like the TED Conference. And there's actually a huge amount of truth here. We are seeing an amazing flourishing taking place. In a world where it is just about as easy to generate an object as it is to print a document, we have amazing new possibilities. The people who used to be craftsmen and hobbyists are now makers, and they're responsible for massive amounts of innovation. And artists who were formerly constrained can now do things that were never, ever possible for them before. So this is a time of great flourishing, and the more I look around, the more convinced I become that this quote, from the physicist Freeman Dyson, is not hyperbole at all. This is just a plain statement of the facts. We are in the middle of an astonishing period.
["Technology is a gift of God. After the gift of life it is perhaps the greatest of God's gifts. It is the mother of civilizations, of arts and of sciences." — Freeman Dyson]
Which brings up another great question: What could possibly go wrong in this new machine age? Right? Great, hang up, flourish, go home. We're going to face two really thorny sets of challenges as we head deeper into the future that we're creating.
The first are economic, and they're really nicely summarized in an apocryphal story about a back-and-forth between Henry Ford II and Walter Reuther, who was the head of the auto workers union. They were touring one of the new modern factories, and Ford playfully turns to Reuther and says, "Hey Walter, how are you going to get these robots to pay union dues?" And Reuther shoots back, "Hey Henry, how are you going to get them to buy cars?"
Reuther's problem in that anecdote is that it is tough to offer your labor to an economy that's full of machines, and we see this very clearly in the statistics. If you look over the past couple decades at the returns to capital -- in other words, corporate profits -- we see them going up, and we see that they're now at an all-time high. If we look at the returns to labor, in other words total wages paid out in the economy, we see them at an all-time low and heading very quickly in the opposite direction.
So this is clearly bad news for Reuther. It looks like it might be great news for Ford, but it's actually not. If you want to sell huge volumes of somewhat expensive goods to people, you really want a large, stable, prosperous middle class. We have had one of those in America for just about the entire postwar period. But the middle class is clearly under huge threat right now. We all know a lot of the statistics, but just to repeat one of them, median income in America has actually gone down over the past 15 years, and we're in danger of getting trapped in some vicious cycle where inequality and polarization continue to go up over time.
The societal challenges that come along with that kind of inequality deserve some attention. There are a set of societal challenges that I'm actually not that worried about, and they're captured by images like this. This is not the kind of societal problem that I am concerned about. There is no shortage of dystopian visions about what happens when our machines become self-aware, and they decide to rise up and coordinate attacks against us. I'm going to start worrying about those the day my computer becomes aware of my printer.
So this is not the set of challenges we really need to worry about. To tell you the kinds of societal challenges that are going to come up in the new machine age, I want to tell a story about two stereotypical American workers. And to make them really stereotypical, let's make them both white guys. And the first one is a college-educated professional, creative type, manager, engineer, doctor, lawyer, that kind of worker. We're going to call him "Ted." He's at the top of the American middle class. His counterpart is not college-educated and works as a laborer, works as a clerk, does low-level white collar or blue collar work in the economy. We're going to call that guy "Bill."
And if you go back about 50 years, Bill and Ted were leading remarkably similar lives. For example, in 1960 they were both very likely to have full-time jobs, working at least 40 hours a week. But as the social researcher Charles Murray has documented, as we started to automate the economy, and 1960 is just about when computers started to be used by businesses, as we started to progressively inject technology and automation and digital stuff into the economy, the fortunes of Bill and Ted diverged a lot. Over this time frame, Ted has continued to hold a full-time job. Bill hasn't. In many cases, Bill has left the economy entirely, and Ted very rarely has. Over time, Ted's marriage has stayed quite happy. Bill's hasn't. And Ted's kids have grown up in a two-parent home, while Bill's absolutely have not over time. Other ways that Bill is dropping out of society? He's decreased his voting in presidential elections, and he's started to go to prison a lot more often. So I cannot tell a happy story about these social trends, and they don't show any signs of reversing themselves. They're also true no matter which ethnic group or demographic group we look at, and they're actually getting so severe that they're in danger of overwhelming even the amazing progress we made with the Civil Rights Movement.
And what my friends in Silicon Valley and Cambridge are overlooking is that they're Ted. They're living these amazingly busy, productive lives, and they've got all the benefits to show from that, while Bill is leading a very different life. They're actually both proof of how right Voltaire was when he talked about the benefits of work, and the fact that it saves us from not one but three great evils.
["Work saves a man from three great evils: boredom, vice and need." — Voltaire]
So with these challenges, what do we do about them?
The economic playbook is surprisingly clear, surprisingly straightforward, in the short term especially. The robots are not going to take all of our jobs in the next year or two, so the classic Econ 101 playbook is going to work just fine: Encourage entrepreneurship, double down on infrastructure, and make sure we're turning out people from our educational system with the appropriate skills.
But over the longer term, if we are moving into an economy that's heavy on technology and light on labor, and we are, then we have to consider some more radical interventions, for example, something like a guaranteed minimum income. Now, that's probably making some folk in this room uncomfortable, because that idea is associated with the extreme left wing and with fairly radical schemes for redistributing wealth. I did a little bit of research on this notion, and it might calm some folk down to know that the idea of a net guaranteed minimum income has been championed by those frothing-at-the-mouth socialists Friedrich Hayek, Richard Nixon and Milton Friedman. And if you find yourself worried that something like a guaranteed income is going to stifle our drive to succeed and make us kind of complacent, you might be interested to know that social mobility, one of the things we really pride ourselves on in the United States, is now lower than it is in the northern European countries that have these very generous social safety nets. So the economic playbook is actually pretty straightforward.
The societal one is a lot more challenging. I don't know what the playbook is for getting Bill to engage and stay engaged throughout life.
I do know that education is a huge part of it. I witnessed this firsthand. I was a Montessori kid for the first few years of my education, and what that education taught me is that the world is an interesting place and my job is to go explore it. The school stopped in third grade, so then I entered the public school system, and it felt like I had been sent to the Gulag. With the benefit of hindsight, I now know the job was to prepare me for life as a clerk or a laborer, but at the time it felt like the job was to kind of bore me into some submission with what was going on around me. We have to do better than this. We cannot keep turning out Bills.
So we see some green shoots that things are getting better. We see technology deeply impacting education and engaging people, from our youngest learners up to our oldest ones. We see very prominent business voices telling us we need to rethink some of the things that we've been holding dear for a while. And we see very serious and sustained and data-driven efforts to understand how to intervene in some of the most troubled communities that we have.
So the green shoots are out there. I don't want to pretend for a minute that what we have is going to be enough. We're facing very tough challenges. To give just one example, there are about five million Americans who have been unemployed for at least six months. We're not going to fix things for them by sending them back to Montessori. And my biggest worry is that we're creating a world where we're going to have glittering technologies embedded in kind of a shabby society and supported by an economy that generates inequality instead of opportunity.
But I actually don't think that's what we're going to do. I think we're going to do something a lot better for one very straightforward reason: The facts are getting out there. The realities of this new machine age and the change in the economy are becoming more widely known. If we wanted to accelerate that process, we could do things like have our best economists and policymakers play "Jeopardy!" against Watson. We could send Congress on an autonomous car road trip. And if we do enough of these kinds of things, the awareness is going to sink in that things are going to be different. And then we're off to the races, because I don't believe for a second that we have forgotten how to solve tough challenges or that we have become too apathetic or hard-hearted to even try.
I started my talk with quotes from wordsmiths who were separated by an ocean and a century. Let me end it with words from politicians who were similarly distant.
Winston Churchill came to my home of MIT in 1949, and he said, "If we are to bring the broad masses of the people in every land to the table of abundance, it can only be by the tireless improvement of all of our means of technical production."
Abraham Lincoln realized there was one other ingredient. He said, "I am a firm believer in the people. If given the truth, they can be depended upon to meet any national crisis. The great point is to give them the plain facts."
So the optimistic note, great point that I want to leave you with is that the plain facts of the machine age are becoming clear, and I have every confidence that we're going to use them to chart a good course into the challenging, abundant economy that we're creating. Thank you very much.


Source:www.ted.com

Friday, January 24, 2020

EDITORIALES-Descontrol y exceso juvenil

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EDITORIALES

Descontrol y exceso juvenil

La lamentable muerte de un joven a la salida de un boliche en Villa Gesell nos lleva a replantearnos cuán responsables somos los adultos en estas tragedias

24 de Enero de 2020

El descontrol que se registra entre muchos jóvenes, especialmente en época de vacaciones y en las ciudades balnearias, no es un fenómeno nuevo, pero se torna cada vez más grave y preocupante. El hecho ocurrido a la salida del boliche Le Brique, en Villa Gesell, que terminó con la vida de Fernando Báez Sosa, de 19 años, atacado a golpes por parte de un grupo de jugadores de un club de rugby de la localidad de Zárate, debe constituir un punto de inflexión y un llamado de atención a la sociedad, en especial, a los padres.

Según pudo saberse, el boliche estaba repleto y no había lugar suficiente para moverse, lo cual habla de una falta de control en cuanto a las normas de funcionamiento. Dos grupos se enfrentaron a empujones. El personal de prevención intentó separarlos y expulsarlos. El de Báez Sosa se había retirado y aguardaba afuera cuando ocurrió lo peor: los agresores se trenzaron en una riña y el joven, que no participaba de ella, terminó cayendo al piso, donde recibió golpes que le produjeron la muerte.

La diversión juvenil se exacerba en situaciones grupales; en la pandilla o en la manada, como grupo de pertenencia, encuentra la seguridad y las referencias que facilitan sortear el cerco de la inseguridad individual. Ese imaginario les permite identificarse y reconocerse con sus propios signos y códigos. Se potencia la desinhibición, muchas veces como consecuencia del consumo de alcohol u otras sustancias que anestesian las reacciones. ¿Cómo se llega hasta allí? ¿Qué fue lo que no ocurrió antes en la vida de esos jóvenes, ya mayores de edad?

Distintos especialistas coinciden en que la actitud de los adolescentes y jóvenes de hoy constituye un llamado de atención porque expresa el malestar de una generación ante la falta de proyecciones, de límites y controles parentales y a una preocupante ausencia de valores. No olvidemos que las estadísticas refieren un triste y cada vez más temprano abuso de bebidas alcohólicas.

Informes de la Sedronar así lo advierten. Seis de cada diez adolescentes escolares muestran patrones de alcoholismo y el 30% de los estudiantes menores de 14 años afirman que beben en soledad. En los últimos siete años, además, se registró un incremento de tasas de consumo de alcohol en la franja que va de los 12 a los 17 años, que es consistente con la también registrada baja en la edad de inicio de consumo.

Urge tomar medidas para poner freno a este descontrol. Autoridades, organismos de gobierno con competencia en adicciones, organizaciones no gubernamentales, establecimientos educativos y, sobre todo, las familias han de asumir comprometidamente sus roles específicos. Como sociedad no podemos mantener una actitud pasiva o de indiferencia ante un problema que crece día a día.

Escasos o nulos son los controles para impedir la venta de alcohol a menores, que se concreta gracias a la complicidad o negligencia de muchos comerciantes. Tampoco los hay -o no alcanzan- para impedir la venta de estupefacientes, por lo general en las cercanías o en los propios boliches. Fallan también los responsables de los lugares adonde concurren los jóvenes, al permitir la saturación de los locales. Y las autoridades, que no fiscalizan. Que una menor de 17 años que intentó recuperar a Báez Sosa con reanimación cardiopulmonar reportara haber estado en ese establecimiento confirma también que los controles sobre la edad de los asistentes tampoco se cumplen.

También la presencia policial, que ayudaría a disuadir o impedir conductas ilícitas, resulta insuficiente.

Las políticas preventivas no deben apuntar solo a los jóvenes, sino también a los padres, que deben asumir sus indelegables responsabilidades, y a los educadores. Cuando se pretende que el límite llegue impuesto por las fuerzas de seguridad, se llega tarde. La cuestión referida a los riesgos a los que se encuentran expuestos nuestros hijos hoy es compleja y demanda claramente una política pública más agresiva que debe desplegarse a partir de una coordinación interinstitucional que contemple aspectos vinculados al campo laboral, la salud y la educación.

Cabe destacar el papel fundamental que en materia de prevención de adicciones puede cumplir un grupo familiar cohesionado en torno al respeto por la autoridad parental, a valores solidarios e ideales elevados, para que las normas y los límites sean claros y firmes. Una vez más, el buen ejemplo juega también un papel preponderante.

Los padres deben ejercer su autoridad sin tapujos, lo cual es muy diferente a propiciar cualquier forma de autoritarismo, un aspecto sustancial que no siempre se reconoce. Como reiteradamente planteamos desde estas columnas, el vacío de autoridad en distintos niveles constituye un pésimo ejemplo para la juventud. Asociar los necesarios límites que la vida en sociedad impone con términos como represión o despotismo es consagrar el desbande. Prevenir en familia no es anticiparse a los problemas: es educar en el ejemplo y en el diálogo.

La falta de control de algunos padres sobre sus hijos, ya sea por negligencia, por comodidad o por el equívoco de sustituir la imagen autoritaria de jefes del hogar por una más condescendiente y de cercanía, nos está llevando a peligrosos extremos, al punto de que, en muchos casos, ya no se sabe quién manda ni quién obedece.

Un adolescente necesita afecto y paciencia tanto como exigencia y límites. Que alcancen la mayoría de edad habiendo construido su personalidad asociada a valores inculcados a lo largo de sus vidas no es cuestión de suerte. En este terreno, los mayores también hemos de revisar qué les enseñamos cuando las divisiones y los enfrentamientos nos atraviesan como sociedad. El desafío está planteado. Muchas vidas están en juego.


Fuente:https://www.lanacion.com.ar/editoriales/descontrol-y-exceso-juvenil-nid2326881

Tuesday, January 21, 2020

ECONOMÍA | EL FUTURO DEL EMPLEO-Las 10 habilidades laborales más demandadas en el mundo según LinkedIn

The following information is used for educational purposes only.


ECONOMÍA | EL FUTURO DEL EMPLEO

Las 10 habilidades laborales más demandadas en el mundo según LinkedIn




Por primera vez, la habilidad de manejar la tecnología blockchain saltó al primer lugar de la lista Crédito: Getty Images

Hay ciertas capacidades que las personas pueden aplicar en muchos sectores laborales. De hecho, la habilidad que lidera el ranking de LinkedIn este año puede ser utilizada por abogados, banqueros y cualquier profesional que utilice información digital.

21 de Enero de 2020

Hace una década surgió una tecnología asociada a las criptomonedas que pocos entendían y aparentemente tenía un alcance limitado.

Nada más lejos de la realidad. El blockchain o cadena de bloques ha tomado tal fuerza que en la actualidad se ha vuelto esencial.

Parecida a un libro de cuentas digital que registra las transacciones y la información de forma verificable y permanente, el blockchain requiere profesionales especializados que lo sepan manejar.

Y bueno... adiviná quiénes son los profesionales más demandados en el mundo: expertos en blockchain, según un análisis de la plataforma profesional LinkedIn.

Sus habilidades laborales se están utilizando en una infinidad de áreas que van desde los servicios financieros hasta el sector legal, energético, sanitario, agrícola o del comercio minorista.

Básicamente, son profesionales con la capacidad de almacenar, validar, autorizar y mover datos a través de internet utilizando esta tecnología.

Y el campo laboral no solo está abierto para codificadores.

Por ejemplo, como el blockchain se utiliza en contratos legales, es probable que se requieran equipos de abogados expertos en la tecnología para analizar las complejidades de cómo encajan las cadenas de bloques en el derecho contractual tradicional.




Los especialista en "blockchain" pueden trabajar en áreas tan diversas como las finanzas, el sector legal, energético, sanitario, agrícola o comercial Crédito: Getty Images


Incluso el Foro Económico Mundial (WEF, por sus siglas en inglés) incluyó a los "especialistas en blockchain" en una lista de las profesiones que aumentarán de importancia en los próximos cuatro años.

Esta es la primera vez que estos expertos llegan al top de la lista de habilidades laborales de LinkedIn.

La empresa midió la demanda laboral observando los perfiles de sus usuarios, para determinar la frecuencia con la que se contrataba a personas según sus capacidades.

Estas son las 10 habilidades laborales más demandadas en el mundo:

Manejo de blockchain

Computación en la nube - la tecnología que permite almacenar y administrar datos en internet. Implica la arquitectura, el diseño y la entrega de sistemas en la nube.

Razonamiento analítico - la capacidad de dar sentido a los datos y descubrir ideas que ayuden a tomar decisiones comerciales.

Inteligencia artificial - la combinación de algoritmos para que las máquinas desarrollen capacidades similares a las del ser humano.

Diseño UX - diseño con enfoque en la experiencia de los usuarios de los productos, en particular la tecnología.

Análisis comercial

Marketing

Ventas

Computación científica

Producción de video



La creatividad lidera la lista de las habilidades blandas requeridas por las compañías Crédito: Getty Images


En el área de las habilidades blandas, relacionadas con la capacidad de los trabajadores para establecer relaciones interpersonales, la creatividad volvió a ocupar el primer lugar de la lista.

Sin embargo, la inteligencia emocional subió al "top 5", entendida laboralmente como la habilidad de percibir, evaluar y responder a los colegas.

En orden decreciente, las más importantes son: creatividad, persuasión, colaboración, adaptabilidad e inteligencia emocional.


Fuente:https://www.lanacion.com.ar/economia/las-10-habilidades-laborales-mas-demandadas-en-el-mundo-segun-linkedin-nid2325892

SEGURIDAD-La epidemia silenciosa del alcoholismo es una realidad argentina, por Daniel Gallo

The following information is used for educational purposes only.



SEGURIDAD

La epidemia silenciosa del alcoholismo es una realidad argentina

Daniel Gallo

21 de Enero de 2020

La combinación de alcohol y jóvenes potencia todos los riesgos. Y en la Argentina el abuso del consumo de bebidas es una epidemia silenciosa. Seis de cada 10 adolescentes escolarizados tienen patrones de alcoholismo. Así lo marcan los informes de la Sedronar. Esos análisis no forman parte del debate público. Nadie parece querer ir en contra de esa idea que asocia la diversión y el éxito social con bebidas. Las cifras señalan una realidad: la muerte en una noche de boliche no es una cuestión de azar, sino un peligro concreto. Más del cuarenta por ciento de los alumnos de nivel medio reconocieron haber viajado en un vehículo conducido por un amigo que había consumido gran cantidad de alcohol. No es esa tampoco un rareza. Cuatro de cada diez chicos desafían de esa forma al destino en un auto al menos una vez cada mes. El alcoholismo juvenil en nuestro país es superior al registrado en otras naciones americanas.

Los datos de la Sedronar serían escandalosos en cualquier país que proyectase escenarios a largo plazo. El 30 por ciento de los estudiantes menores de 14 años afirmaron que beben alcohol en soledad.

Esas cifras deberían provocar mayor alarma social, ya que se trata de aquellos jóvenes que están dentro del sistema educativo, supuestamente contenidos por la estructura estatal. Fuera de ese grupo hay miles de chicos en peores condiciones. También cuatro de cada diez estudiantes confesaron en el sondeo oficial que varias veces no recordaron lo ocurrido en una noche de alcohol.

Claro que los menores no llegaron al consumo abusivo de sustancias psicoactivas por generación espontánea. Quizás a los padres no les guste ser interpelados por el descontrol de sus hijos, pero el espejo familiar podría reflejar el origen del problema: no hay otro país en la región con una población que consuma alcohol como la Argentina. Superan los números locales el nivel de alcoholismo de los Estados Unidos. Esa información fue entregada por la comisión de la OEA que analiza el uso de drogas en el continente. El documento fue presentado el año pasado en la sede de la Cancillería.

El alcohol -asociado en muchas veces al consumo de otras drogas- deriva en niveles elevados de agresión. Eso se vio en Villa Gesell con la brutal muerte de Fernando Báez Sosa. Una patota alcoholizada lo atacó frente a un boliche. Diez de los once detenidos son rugbiers. Y ahí también aparecen un problema y una posible solución. Solo un fuerte compromiso social puede disminuir los elevados niveles de abuso de alcohol y de violencia. Esos jóvenes acusados estaban dentro de una institución de la sociedad civil, un club de rugby, que tiene la responsabilidad de educar y contener a los adolescentes. No se puede desaprovechar la oportunidad que da el ambiente de un equipo para enseñar a los jóvenes que el más valiente no es el más fuerte, sino el que sabe decir no a la violencia cuando tiene la capacidad física de usarla.


Fuente:https://www.lanacion.com.ar/seguridad/la-epidemia-silenciosa-del-alcoholismo-es-una-realidad-argentina-nid2325850

OPINIÓN-Nuestra suerte depende de la educación, por Rodrigo Miguel

The following information is used for educational purposes only.


OPINIÓN

Nuestra suerte depende de la educación

Rodrigo Miguel

21 de Enero de 2020

Con un nuevo gobierno, y cuando falta aproximadamente un mes y medio para el comienzo de las clases, se hace imperioso volver al tema de nuestro sistema educacional, que no alcanza los estándares mínimos que necesitamos para revertir la realidad argentina. La realidad de un país subdesarrollado y pobre en el cual más de un tercio de su población se encuentra bajo la línea de pobreza.

La suerte de una nación no depende de sus recursos naturales, sino de la educación de su gente, clave para generar riqueza y crear igualdad de oportunidades. Un país rico, desarrollado y justo socialmente es aquel en el cual la educación pública es de excelencia y accesible a todos los ciudadanos. La gente es la clave. El capital humano es el recurso esencial, es lo que diferencia a un país rico de un país pobre, a un país desarrollado de uno que no lo es. La educación es el elemento esencial para producir ese capital humano que tanto necesitamos, y es, además, un gran igualador: la educación es la justicia social por excelencia.

La educación argentina se encuentra estancada: está atrasada y utiliza técnicas didácticas antiguas. En la última edición del Programa Internacional de Evaluación de los Alumnos (PISA), evaluaciones llevadas a cabo por la OCDE, la Argentina no superó el séptimo puesto en ninguna de las materias, entre las diez naciones latinoamericanas que participaron. Hoy la Argentina, como resultado de las pruebas PISA, ocupa el puesto número 63 de los 79 países evaluados. Además, se ubica en el puesto 63 en lectura, en el 71 en matemática y en el 65 en ciencias. Es decir que la situación educativa argentina es una catástrofe y una vergüenza. Este es el verdadero problema de nuestro país y resolverlo debe ser el principal objetivo del poder político. En las últimas décadas el nivel educativo no ha parado de caer, independientemente del presidente que haya gobernado. Hasta hoy han fracasado todos.

Alberto Fernández tiene un gran desafío por delante. Recibió una Argentina muy complicada y con muchos problemas generados por una acumulación de errores. El principal problema no es ni la inflación ni el dólar, sino la baja calidad educativa y la desigualdad en el acceso a la educación, como lo reflejan los resultados de las pruebas PISA. Esa desigualdad en el acceso a la educación es la esencia de la injusticia social. Su gran desafío será lograr que la Argentina se transforme en una sociedad más justa, con mayor igualdad para todos los argentinos a través de una educación pública de excelencia. En este sentido, Alberto Fernández deberá lograr generar mayor riqueza y desarrollo con justicia social, es decir, sin dejar a nadie afuera. El objetivo a alcanzar durante su mandato debería ser generar una profunda reforma educativa que sea capaz de dar el primer paso hacia la búsqueda de esa revolución del conocimiento que tanto anhelamos. Para ello debemos conseguir una educación pública de excelencia para todos, ya que solo solucionaremos el problema de la pobreza y el subdesarrollo si centramos todos nuestros esfuerzos en la educación y desarrollando todos los aspectos de la ciencia y la tecnología. La educación inclusiva y de calidad potencia el crecimiento de un país en un marco de igualdad. Defender la educación es la prioridad.

Si logramos que la educación pública argentina sea de excelencia, habremos dado el primer paso hacia la igualdad de oportunidades, que no es ni de izquierda ni de derecha, es simplemente justa y para todos.

Dentro de cuatro años vamos a considerar el éxito o el fracaso del gobierno de Alberto Fernández en función de los resultados en la educación. Los gobiernos anteriores fracasaron todos.

Abogado especialista en educación y autor de El poder de la educación


Fuente:https://www.lanacion.com.ar/opinion/nuestra-suerte-depende-de-la-educacion-nid2325774

Monday, January 20, 2020

EDITORIALES-La desigualdad como explicación simplista

The following information is used for educational purposes only.

EDITORIALES

La desigualdad como explicación simplista

La evidencia histórica muestra el error de interpretaciones más destinadas a forzar datos de la realidad que a analizar el verdadero origen de muchas protestas

20 de Enero de 2020

La distribución no igualitaria del ingreso origina sentimientos negativos dentro de las sociedades humanas. Aquellos que no alcanzan la escala superior desearían estar allí y su valoración de quienes los superan es usualmente negativa o despreciativa. Se les adjudican prácticas de aprovechamiento, si no a ellos, a sus progenitores o antepasados. El mérito personal en la creación de riqueza tiende a ser desconocido o es superado por la sospecha de comportamientos egoístas y de aprovechamiento del trabajo de empleados y obreros. Este tipo de sentimientos es más marcado en las sociedades latinas que en las sajonas.

El empeño en ascender en la escala social y económica ha crecido en los últimos años con el impulso de las tecnologías de la comunicación. Prácticamente todos los ciudadanos hoy disponen de televisor y de teléfono celular. Ambos les muestran el mundo en su totalidad y siempre lo externo se ve mejor que lo propio. El descontento social emerge así en sociedades con altos niveles de ingreso y que, además, han tenido mejoras en su distribución. Es el caso de los "chalecos amarillos" en Francia o el de los indignados en España y muchos otros. En nuestra región, hemos tenido el caso notorio de Chile, con un altísimo grado de protesta y violencia, difícil de explicar a la vista de su exitoso desarrollo. No puede desconocerse en este y en los casos anteriores el impulso de segmentos organizados de extrema izquierda, locales o extranjeros, pero que no hubieran alcanzado el impacto que tuvieron si una parte significativa de la sociedad no se hubiera plegado.

Estas reacciones han sido acompañadas de manifiestos anticapitalistas. Quienes participaron y gran parte de los analistas que debieron interpretarlas expusieron como primera causa la desigualdad, contradiciendo la realidad de los índices. La explicación de los disturbios sociales se ha orientado a la desigualdad y afirmado que esta es consecuencia del modelo capitalista o de economía de mercado. El consecuente reclamo explícito o implícito es virar hacia el socialismo.

La evidencia histórica muestra el error de esa interpretación. El capitalismo ha sido el camino del progreso de las naciones, mientras que el socialismo, el de su retraso. Compárense las dos Alemanias antes de 1989, o las dos Chinas antes de los ochenta, o las dos Coreas actualmente. Además, el progreso en las economías de mercado ha evolucionado con pocas excepciones junto a una mejor distribución del ingreso. El índice de Gini, que mide la mayor o menor equidad en la distribución del ingreso, expone valores menores (distribución más equitativa) en los países más desarrollados. El efecto derrame, tan vituperado por el progresismo, es una realidad positiva en el crecimiento de las naciones. Las claves del desarrollo son la inversión y la tecnología, que no solo producen rentas, sino también empleo y aumento real de los salarios.

El índice de Gini de Chile disminuyó notablemente en los últimos 15 años, al mostrar una sensible mejora en la distribución del ingreso. También ese país expone investigaciones que muestran un aumento de la movilidad social. La pobreza disminuyó del 30% al 9% en pocos años. Está claro que el modelo chileno de apertura económica, desregulación y mercado no solo hizo progresar su economía, sino también logró mejorar los índices sociales. No obstante, se produjo la violenta convulsión social de protesta. Es evidente que hay que profundizar en el análisis sociológico y en la psicología de masas para afinar el diagnóstico y no caer en interpretaciones simplistas o ideologizadas. Este reclamo debe alcanzar a líderes de opinión que se han expresado de esa manera, aun con total buena fe, entre ellos, el papa Francisco. Esta referencia cobra actualidad ante la próxima visita al Vaticano del presidente Alberto Fernández y el ofrecimiento papal de convocar allí al Fondo Monetario Internacional y a los negociadores argentinos de la deuda. El avance hacia una mayor racionalidad que ha demostrado este nuevo gobierno al considerar necesario el cumplimiento de los compromisos de la deuda debe extenderse a la concepción general de una economía eficiente, apoyada en el logro de confianza basada en equilibrios macroeconómicos, en un contexto de respeto por las instituciones, libertad y competencia.


Fuente:https://www.lanacion.com.ar/editoriales/la-desigualdad-como-explicacion-simplista-nid2325457

OPINIÓN | COLUMNISTAS | EDUCACIÓN-Nos falta educación digital, por Arturo Prins

The following information is used for educational purposes only.


OPINIÓN | COLUMNISTAS | EDUCACIÓN

Nos falta educación digital

Arturo Prins





Fuente: LA NACION

20 de Enero de 2020

La tecnología digital generó muchos progresos, pero puede producir efectos perjudiciales. El periodista norteamericano Nicholas Carr, en su libro Superficiales, indica que los beneficios de la cultura digital son innegables, pero que sería ingenuo suponer que esta es inofensiva.

En Alemania, al inicio del verano de 2018, más de 300 chicos murieron ahogados pues los padres, concentrados en el celular, descuidaron su atención; la Asociación Alemana de Guardavidas advirtió sobre esta adicción al smartphone. Francia prohibió el celular en las escuelas debido a que generaba dependencia en niños muy menores. En España, el Colegio Nacional de Ópticos-Optometristas alertó sobre que el 33% de los adolescentes tendrá miopía por la excesiva exposición a las pantallas. La Organización Mundial de la Salud acaba de incluir, en su Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades, la adicción al videojuego como nuevo trastorno mental junto a la ludopatía.

GfK, la mayor compañía en investigación de mercados de Alemania y la quinta más grande del mundo, entrevistó a 22.000 personas de 17 países: el 34% dijo que le cuesta "desconectarse"; en la Argentina, lo dijo el 40%. Así, nuestra hiperconexión crece: el Centro de Estudios Especializados en Trastornos de Ansiedad y la Fundación Manantiales, dedicada a adicciones, indican que las consultas por el uso digital desmedido aumentan. Ello provoca ansiedad, adicción, depresión e irritación (al cortarse la conexión), agobio, estrés y problemas posturales o musculares; también altera la creatividad y las relaciones interpersonales.

Laura Jurkowski, psicóloga especialista en problemas vinculados a las nuevas tecnologías, creó el Centro ReConectarse para que las personas vuelvan a conectarse con el mundo real, no solo a través de la pantalla. Observa que la tecnología digital llegó para quedarse, por lo que no hay que prohibirla, sino utilizarla inteligentemente, sin que nos enajene. El mal no está en el instrumento, sino en cómo se lo usa. Un cuchillo puede ser útil o matar. Jurkowski pide al Estado realizar campañas para que padres y maestros eduquen sobre la cultura digital, fomenten la lectura, los deportes, los campamentos, la conversación.

La asociación civil Chicos.net promueve el uso responsable y creativo de estas tecnologías. En su campaña #CenaSinPantallas los chicos dejan los celulares para conversar cara a cara, con miradas que se encuentran y voces que se expresan. Invitados a sumarse, varios restaurantes eliminaron el wifi con carteles como "Hablen entre ustedes", "Disfruten el momento". La presidenta de Chicos.net, Marcela Czarny, licenciada en Ciencias de la Educación y magíster en Tecnología Educativa (Universidad de Salamanca), no está de acuerdo en prohibir el celular pues las escuelas rurales quedarían aisladas; prefiere educar digitalmente. Nuestro Ministerio de Educación recibió a expertos de Finlandia, Suecia, Inglaterra e Israel -líderes en la materia- para extender estas tecnologías a todas las escuelas, pero con educación.

Voces autorizadas confirman lo dicho por las mencionadas organizaciones. Umberto Eco: "No se puede prescindir de la tecnología, pero crea una sensación de acompañamiento falsa". Mario Bunge: "Los chicos interaccionan más por estos medios que cara a cara; en clase no atienden al maestro, se pasan enviando mensajes de texto; ello inhibe la creación e invención de nuevas ideas". Santiago Kovadloff: "La tiranía de la era digital amenaza el espíritu crítico". José Claudio Escribano, periodista: "El diario, la revista, el libro son espacios naturales para ahondar la reflexión". Luciano Román, periodista y abogado: "Los hiperconectados quieren todo ya, sin tiempo ni esfuerzo". Axel Rivas, especialista en educación: "El celular bien usado en el aula es fuente de conocimiento". Héctor Guyot, periodista: "No me opongo a la tecnología que tantos beneficios aporta; sí a su tiranía soft; si tuviera que elegir entre tres libros y el catálogo digital de toda la Biblioteca Nacional, me quedo con los tres libros". Víctor Torres, barítono: "Estamos conectados pero no comunicados". Lucio Ruiz, responsable de comunicaciones del Vaticano: "Para el Papa la tecnología no es neutral; es creativa o destructiva. La obsesión por la pantalla nos hace indiferentes con nuestro vecino más cercano, por lo que en la era de la comunicación la soledad es mayor que nunca".

Bien utilizado, el medio digital es beneficioso. Sin educación, ocasiona sedentarismo físico y cerebral, con serias consecuencias.


Fuente:https://www.lanacion.com.ar/opinion/columnistas/nos-falta-educacion-digital-nid2325461

Sunday, January 19, 2020

EDITORIALES | TERRORISMO-La deuda pendiente con las víctimas del terrorismo

The following information is used for educational purposes only.


EDITORIALES | TERRORISMO

La deuda pendiente con las víctimas del terrorismo

Se debe hacer efectivo el justo y merecido reconocimiento a quienes murieron en defensa del regimiento de Formosa, hace ya 44 años

19 de Enero de 2020

Hace tres meses, el presidente Mauricio Macri rendía un tardío homenaje público a los defensores del Regimiento de Infantería de Monte 29, de Formosa, que rechazaron el ataque de la organización Montoneros, en octubre de 1975, comprometiéndose a indemnizar a sus familiares tal como plasmó en un DNU dos días antes de dejar el cargo.

En una acción bélica cinematográfica conocida como Operación Primicia, Montoneros secuestró un vuelo con 102 pasajeros de Aerolíneas Argentinas, en Aeroparque, para desviarlo a Formosa, copó allí el Aeropuerto Internacional El Pucú, con toma de rehenes, y atacó el referido cuartel militar, tras lo cual los miembros de esa organización se fugaron en el avión secuestrado para aterrizar en una pista preparada para la ocasión, cerca de Rafaela, Santa Fe. El ataque tenía por objetivo robar armamento y munición para continuar la lucha armada con el fin de desestabilizar al gobierno democráticamente elegido, encabezado por María Estela Martínez de Perón.

En media hora de feroz combate, cayeron muertos 12 atacantes montoneros y 12 defensores del regimiento. Hubo numerosos heridos de ambos bandos y un policía formoseño fallecido en el aeropuerto local. La Operación Primicia fue un fracaso. Al día siguiente del ataque, por decreto presidencial, el gobierno constitucional dispuso el aniquilamiento del accionar subversivo a cargo de las Fuerzas Armadas y subordinó a órdenes de aquellas a las fuerzas de seguridad.

En 1983, al recuperarse la democracia, la represión ilegal de la dictadura militar quedó en la mira. La política de Memoria, Verdad y Justicia contemplaba también el accionar del Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (ERP) y del Ejército Montoneros, las organizaciones guerrilleras más importantes en la guerra revolucionaria librada. Asistimos desde entonces al informe de la Conadep, conocido como Nunca más; al juicio y a la condena de las juntas militares; a los procesos judiciales contra los cabecillas de la guerrilla; a las leyes de punto final y obediencia debida; a las llamadas "leyes reparatorias" para muertos, desaparecidos y detenidos víctimas de la violencia estatal, y a los indultos a jefes militares y guerrilleros.

A partir de 2003, con la derogación de las leyes de punto final y obediencia debida, una versión maniquea, deliberada y burdamente simplificada de nuestra historia reciente ganó terreno. Por un lado, la falseada cifra de 30.000 desaparecidos se instaló como verdad para muchos y los juicios por delitos de lesa humanidad, muchos de ellos plagados de irregularidades jurídicas, continuaron sumando acusados, procesados, detenidos, condenados y muertos en prisión, muchos sin siquiera tener condena. No nos cansaremos de señalar desde estas columnas que sus derechos humanos no se respetan, como recientemente denunció el propio obispo castrense, monseñor Santiago Olivera. Mientras tanto, los crímenes y víctimas del terrorismo, como los soldados fallecidos en Formosa, son ignorados por la historia.

Tres informes oficiales -el de la Conadep de 1984, el de la Secretaría de Derechos Humanos de 2006 y el del Registro Único de Víctimas del Terrorismo de Estado (Ruvte) de 2015- pormenorizan los casos y las circunstancias de las muertes y desapariciones de 8631 personas, entre 1966 y 1983. De hecho, el Parque de la Memoria, emplazado en la Costanera Norte, identificado como Monumento a las Víctimas del Terrorismo de Estado, lleva inscripto el nombre de 8751 muertos o desaparecidos, entre 1969 y 1983.

Las llamadas leyes reparatorias, cuya interpretación y aplicación siempre favorecieron a las víctimas de la violencia estatal incluyeron indemnizaciones para exdetenidos (ley 24.043), indemnizaciones por desaparición forzada o muerte (ley 24.411), indemnización para hijos de detenidos, muertos y desaparecidos (ley 25.914) y pensiones graciables para exdetenidos (ley 26.913).

Deliberadamente, no existen registros oficiales en los que consten los montos abonados y sus destinatarios. Investigaciones periodísticas con información reconstruida hasta fines de 2015 dan cuenta detallada de casi 20.000 indemnizaciones pagadas por un total superior a los 2000 millones de dólares en moneda actual. Se suman las compensaciones pagadas entre 2015 y 2019 y los más de 7300 reclamos pendientes por detenciones ilegales y exilios forzosos que representan, también en moneda actual, otros 475 millones de dólares.

En total asimetría, nada cobraron las víctimas de las guerrillas. El recuerdo, el homenaje y la gratitud se circunscribieron exclusivamente a sus familias, amigos, camaradas e integrantes de las Fuerzas Armadas y de seguridad. Ningún informe oficial las reconoce. Ningún monumento nacional las homenajea. Ausencia de reparación moral y también monetaria.

Paradójicamente, los nombres de los montoneros abatidos en el ataque al regimiento de Formosa están inscriptos en el Parque de la Memoria. Para los informes oficiales, fueron "asesinados" por agentes estatales, y sus familiares cobraron indemnizaciones por considerárselos víctimas del terrorismo de Estado. Quienes, en cambio, ofrendaron sus vidas en defensa de la democracia fueron borrados de la historia y de la memoria colectiva. Es esta la flagrante injusticia que ha intentado reparar el presidente Macri, el primer presidente desde 1983 que homenajeó e indemnizó a víctimas de las guerrillas revolucionarias. Se deben destacar las gestiones del exsecretario de Derechos Humanos Claudio Avruj, tanto en el tributo presidencial como en la reparación económica en ciernes, y las de los diputados nacionales por Formosa Ricardo Buryaile y Mario Arce (Juntos por el Cambio), quienes habían impulsado diversos proyectos de ley indemnizatorios.

Jovina Luna, hermana del soldado conscripto Hermindo Luna, caído el 5 de octubre de 1975 al grito de "¡aquí no se rinde nadie, mierda!", tenía entonces 11 años. Esta valiente formoseña presentó una denuncia penal ante la Justicia Federal, solicitando que se investigue el indebido pago de indemnizaciones a los atacantes del regimiento de Formosa, al tiempo que pidió que los nombres de los guerrilleros abatidos sean retirados del Parque de la Memoria y del Ruvte. La causa, que recayó en el Juzgado Federal N° 3, a cargo de Daniel Rafecas, ha sido caratulada "NN, s/estafa", y el Ministerio de Economía, al responder un requerimiento del fiscal Ramiro González, confirmó con precisión lo denunciado por Jovina Luna: se han pagado indemnizaciones por nueve de los montoneros abatidos en combate aquel día.

El 17 de diciembre pasado, los familiares de los caídos y los sobrevivientes de este ataque al regimiento formoseño elevaron un pedido al Ministerio de Defensa, como órgano de aplicación, instando a hacer efectivo el pago aprobado por el DNU del 6 de ese mes. El presidente de la Nación, Alberto Fernández, ha manifestado su firme compromiso de contribuir a cerrar la denominada "grieta" y, en ese sentido, tiene frente a sí una oportunidad insustituible. Luego de 44 años del violento episodio, podría ratificar y ordenar que se ejecute sin más demoras el DNU que reconoce el pago de la merecida reparación.

Es hora de que los argentinos encontremos el camino para recordar, honrar y homenajear a todos nuestros muertos. Es tiempo de mitigar el dolor y sufrimiento de todas las víctimas sobrevivientes de aquella década trágica, lo cual contribuiría a unirnos en la diversidad para encarar los enormes desafíos del presente. El mundo ha cambiado. Los problemas que hoy enfrentamos nos convocan a superar aquellas visiones encontradas que tanto daño nos han hecho. Dejemos ya de enfrentarnos entre nosotros. Enfrentemos, juntos, los nuevos retos y oportunidades.


Fuente:https://www.lanacion.com.ar/editoriales/la-deuda-pendiente-con-las-victimas-del-terrorismo-nid2325329

OPINIÓN | COLUMNISTAS-Un gobierno que envejece rápido en el país de la desconfianza, por Jorge Sigal

The following information is used for educational purposes only.


OPINIÓN | COLUMNISTAS

Un gobierno que envejece rápido en el país de la desconfianza

Jorge Sigal






Crédito: Alfredo Sabat


17 de Enero de 2020

Ha pasado poco más de un mes desde que Alberto Fernández asumió como presidente y su gobierno ya parece viejo. No hemos alcanzado siquiera a memorizar los rostros y los nombres de sus ministros y, sin embargo, flota la sensación de que están ahí desde hace una eternidad. La crisis, impiadosa, devora cada vez más rápido las expectativas.

Hace mucho que los veranos dejaron de ser el remanso que supimos conocer en nuestros años felices. La Argentina espera cada diciembre rogando que no haya saqueos, que los pobres reciban a tiempo las migajas que el Estado logra rejuntar apretando los cinturones de los sectores productivos o endeudándose para tapar el bache fiscal. Y que la caldera no reviente.

La novedad es que ahora ni siquiera el cambio de ciclo político parece retemplar los ánimos. Muchos argentinos ya han renunciado a recibir buenas noticias y solo esperan que, con los próximos anuncios, no les toque perder. Los jubilados, por caso, sabrán en marzo -según lo disponga el príncipe- cuánto tendrán que ceder de su tajada.

En treinta y seis años la democracia nos ha dado un piso nada desdeñable: a pesar de los cimbronazos -asonadas militares, hiperinflación, entrega anticipada del mando, renuncia de un presidente constitucional, gobiernos provisionales, proyectos de eternización- el sistema ha logrado mantenerse en pie. Pero los argentinos hemos dejado jirones en el camino. Y cada vez se nota más el cansancio.

Casi todos -salvo una minoría de iluminados y fanáticos- padecen la falta de un proyecto común, de una razón de ser como Nación. Nadie puede engañarse con la módica consigna de que, repartiendo lo que existe, esquilmando a los que están por arriba de la línea de flotación, habrá paz, pan y trabajo para calmar las necesidades insatisfechas. La esperanza se limita a que la cuerda aguante. Nos hemos hecho sobrevivientes del corto plazo. Porque el país que tenemos -injusto, desigual, desequilibrado-, luego de décadas de no hacer las reformas estructurales que el mundo globalizado exige, no da para más.

La polución ideológica -que el universo progre sigue alimentando desde sus medios petardistas- es una perversa distracción. Mientras que el extupamaro Pepe Mujica hace décadas que renunció a la revolución, acá tenemos muchos aspirantes a guerrilleros de café que siguen pidiendo lo imposible. El principal problema es que buena parte de esos cazadores de fantasías integran el actual gobierno. Y que tenemos una vicepresidenta que viaja muy seguido a La Habana.

Aunque les duela a los nostálgicos, no hay revolución ni paraíso a la vista. Hace tiempo que las utopías derivaron en infierno. De crisis en crisis y de ajuste en ajuste -que los Castro rebautizaron con el caribeño eufemismo de "período especial"-, Cuba empalidece, a fuerza de militarización y garrote, sin lograr escapar de los años 60. Para no hablar de Venezuela o Nicaragua, devastadas por dictadorzuelos que parecen emergidos de las novelas de García Márquez o de Vargas Llosa. No hay caminos óptimos -ahí están para probarlo los recientes estallidos en Chile-, pero hay algunos que se comprobaron trágicos e indeseables. El populismo autoritario, que el kirchnerismo nos sigue vendiendo como panacea, es uno de ellos.

Entre finales de los años setenta y comienzo de los ochenta, el filósofo Jean Baudrillard -traductor de Karl Marx, Bertolt Brecht y Peter Weiss, entre otros- escribió un trabajo que se publicó con el título "La izquierda divina", editado paradójicamente en la Argentina por el diario Página 12. Anticipándose a la debacle del llamado "socialismo real", el autor proclama allí "la incapacidad histórica del proletariado para realizar aquello que la burguesía supo hacer en su época: la revolución". Para explicar luego: "Cuando la burguesía pone final al orden feudal, subvierte realmente un orden y un código total de las relaciones sociales (nacimiento, honor, jerarquía) para sustituirlo por otro (producción, economía, racionalidad, progreso)". Es decir, genera una concepción radicalmente nueva de la relación social que pudo quebrantar "el orden de castas". Mientras que el proletariado "no tiene nada que oponer al orden de una sociedad de clases". Punto final para una ilusión de consecuencias trágicas que duró más de cien años.

Fernández parece ensayar un nuevo intento de peronismo heterodoxo (algo así como la tercera posición de la Tercera Posición): puja con las limitaciones internas de su coalición (convivir con los cruzados de la Patria Grande K, un chavismo poco imaginativo y falaz, que pretende distribuir migajas, imprimir billetes sin animales ni valor, aplastando al país productivo) mientras pone en práctica medidas económicas ultraortodoxas, netamente capitalistas. Su gestión está preñada por una contradicción de la que cuesta imaginar cómo se saldrá. No se puede estar un poquito cerca de Caracas y otro poquito de los grandes centros del poder económico mundial. La definición del rumbo no es una mera cuestión retórica, sino la base para generar consenso social con vistas al futuro.

Desde el punto de vista institucional, el nuevo-viejo gobierno puso mano a herramientas que pueden resultar riesgosas. En lugar de moldear consensos amplios como había prometido, apeló a los "superpoderes": optó por acotar el debate con la oposición (respaldada por más del 40 por ciento de los votos) y decidió pagar en soledad el precio por las medidas de brutal austeridad que puso en marcha. Hizo lo contrario de lo que recomiendan los manuales políticos en tiempos de crisis de las representaciones: se encerró en sí mismo, usó la superioridad numérica para imponer sus decisiones en lugar de utilizarla para negociar acuerdos. Como si fuera poco, algunos de sus funcionarios -como la ministra de Seguridad, Sabina Andrea Frederic, en el caso Nisman- arremeten contra la división de poderes, prometiendo revisar medidas que solo competen a la Justicia. A la concentración de facultades, le suman arrogancia y discrecionalidad. En consecuencia, aumentan las sospechas de que, en realidad, solo buscan tender un manto de impunidad sobre delitos aberrantes del poder.

El expresidente uruguayo Julio María Sanguinetti ha dicho -en una nota de extraordinaria claridad, publicada en estas mismas páginas el 8 de este mes- cómo deberían abordarse los grandes dilemas de la crisis actual de las democracias. "No hay explicaciones fáciles para temas complejos -advierte el estadista-. Y como en el devenir científico no se observa horizonte definible, solo se hace claro que más que nunca la seguridad está en los valores republicanos de la legalidad y los principios elementales de la buena administración. Que ninguna respuesta aparecerá por atajos populistas o desvíos iracundos; que la responsabilidad es colectiva y depende de los representantes tanto como de los representados que los eligen".

Si la confianza es hoy un bien escaso en todas partes, en la Argentina -donde las instituciones tambalean, las leyes no duran, la inflación se devora los ingresos y los gobernantes nos proponen refundaciones exprés sin sustento-, el riesgo de envejecer antes de tiempo es enorme.

Y si, en lugar de abrir la mano, se cierra el puño, ni hablar.

Periodista. Miembro del Club Político Argentino


Fuente:https://www.lanacion.com.ar/opinion/columnistas/un-gobierno-que-envejece-rapido-en-el-pais-de-la-desconfianza-nid2324838

Manager and machine: The new leadership equation, by Martin Dewhurst and Paul Willmott

The following information is used for educational purposes only.


McKinsey Quarterly

Manager and machine: The new leadership equation

September 2014

By Martin Dewhurst and Paul Willmott


In a 1967 McKinsey Quarterly article, “The manager and the moron,” Peter Drucker noted that “the computer makes no decisions; it only carries out orders. It’s a total moron, and therein lies its strength. It forces us to think, to set the criteria. The stupider the tool, the brighter the master has to be—and this is the dumbest tool we have ever had.”

How things have changed. After years of promise and hype, machine learning has at last hit the vertical part of the exponential curve. Computers are replacing skilled practitioners in fields such as architecture, aviation, the law, medicine, and petroleum geology—and changing the nature of work in a broad range of other jobs and professions. Deep Knowledge Ventures, a Hong Kong venture-capital firm, has gone so far as to appoint a decision-making algorithm to its board of directors.

What would it take for algorithms to take over the C-suite? And what will be senior leaders’ most important contributions if they do? Our answers to these admittedly speculative questions rest on our work with senior leaders in a range of industries, particularly those on the vanguard of the big data and advanced-analytics revolution. We have also worked extensively alongside executives who have been experimenting most actively with opening up their companies and decision-making processes through crowdsourcing and social platforms within and across organizational boundaries.

Our argument is simple: the advances of brilliant machines will astound us, but they will transform the lives of senior executives only if managerial advances enable them to. There’s still a great deal of work to be done to create data sets worthy of the most intelligent machines and their burgeoning decision-making potential. On top of that, there’s a need for senior leaders to “let go” in ways that run counter to a century of organizational development.

If these two things happen—and they’re likely to, for the simple reason that leading-edge organizations will seize competitive advantage and be imitated—the role of the senior leader will evolve. We’d suggest that, ironically enough, executives in the era of brilliant machines will be able to make the biggest difference through the human touch. By this we mean the questions they frame, their vigor in attacking exceptional circumstances highlighted by increasingly intelligent algorithms, and their ability to do things machines can’t. That includes tolerating ambiguity and focusing on the “softer” side of management to engage the organization and build its capacity for self-renewal.

Missing links

The most impressive examples of machine learning substituting for human pattern recognition—such as the IBM supercomputer Watson’s potential to predict oncological outcomes more accurately than physicians by reviewing, storing, and learning from reams of medical-journal articles—result from situations where inputs are of high quality. Contrast that with the state of affairs pervasive in many organizations that have access to big data and are taking a run at advanced analytics. The executives in these companies often find themselves beset by “polluted” or difficult-to-parse data, whose validity is subject to vigorous internal debates.

This isn’t an article about big data per se—in recent Quarterly articles we’ve written extensively on what senior executives must do to address these issues—but we want to stress that “garbage in/garbage out” applies as much to supercomputers as it did 50 years ago to the IBM System/360. This management problem, which transcends CIOs and the IT organization, speaks to the need for a turbocharged data-analytics strategy, a new top-team mind-set, fresh talent approaches, and a concerted effort to break down information silos. These issues also transcend number crunching; as our colleagues have explained elsewhere, “weak signals” from social media and other sources also contain powerful insights and should be part of the data-creation process.

The incentives for getting this right are large—early movers should be able to speed the quality and pace of decision making in a wide range of tactical and strategic areas, as we already see from the promising results of early big data and analytics efforts. Furthermore, early movers will probably gain new insights from their analysis of unstructured data, such as e-mail discussions between sales representatives or discussion threads in social media. Without behavioral shifts by senior leaders, though, their organizations won’t realize the full power of the artificial intelligence at their fingertips. The challenge lies in part with the very notion that machine-learning insights are at the fingertips of senior executives.

That’s certainly an appealing prospect: customized dashboards full of metadata describing and synthesizing deeper and more detailed operational, financial, and marketing information hold enormous power for the senior team. But these dashboards don’t create themselves. Senior executives must find and set the software parameters needed to determine, for instance, which data gets prioritized and which gets flagged for escalation. It’s no overstatement to say that these parameters determine the direction of the company—and the success of executives in guiding it there; for example, a bank can shift the mix between lending and deposit taking by changing prices. Machines may be able to adjust prices in real time, but executives must determine the target. Similarly, machines can monitor risks, but only after executives have determined the level of risk they’re comfortable with.

Consider also the challenge posed by today’s real-time sales data, which can be sliced by location, product, team, and channel. Previous generations of managers would probably have given their eyeteeth for that capability. Today’s unaware executive risks drowning in minutiae, though. Some are already reacting by distancing themselves from technology—for instance, by employing layers of staffers to screen data, which gets turned into more easily digestible Power Point slides. In so doing, however, executives risk getting a “filtered” view of reality that misses the power of the data available to them.

As artificial intelligence grows in power, the odds of sinking under the weight of even quite valuable insights grow as well. The answer isn’t likely to be bureaucratizing information, but rather democratizing it: encouraging and expecting the organization to manage itself without bringing decisions upward. Business units and company-wide functions will of course continue reporting to the top team and CEO. But emboldened by sharper insights and pattern recognition from increasingly powerful computers, business units and functions will be able to make more and better decisions on their own. Reviewing the results of those decisions, and sharing the implications across the management team, will actually give managers lower down in the organization new sources of power vis-à-vis executives at the top. That will happen even as the CEO begins to morph, in part, into a “chief experimentation officer,” who draws from acute observance of early signals to bolster a company’s ability to experiment at scale, particularly in customer-facing industries.

We’ve already seen flashes of this development in companies that open up their strategy-development process to a broader range of internal and external participants. Companies such as 3M, Dutch insurer AEGON, Red Hat (the leading provider of Linux software), and defense contractor Rite-Solutions have found that the advantages include more insightful and actionable strategic plans, as well as greater buy-in from participants, since they helped to craft the plan in the first place.

In a world where artificial intelligence supports all manner of day-to-day management decisions, the need to “let go” will be more significant and the discomfort for senior leaders higher. To some extent, we’re describing a world where top executives’ sources of comparative advantage are eroding because of technology and the manifested “brilliance of crowds.” The contrast with the command-and-control era—when holding information close was a source of power, and information moved in one direction only, up the corporate hierarchy—could not be starker. Uncomfortable as this new world may be, the costs of the status quo are large and growing: information hoarders will slow the pace of their organizations and forsake the power of artificial intelligence while competitors exploit it.

The human edge

If senior leaders successfully fuel the insights of increasingly brilliant machines and devolve decision-making authority up and down the line, what will be left for top management to do?

Asking questions

A great deal, as it turns out—starting with asking good questions. Asking the right questions of the right people at the right times is a skill set computers lack and may never acquire. To be sure, the exponential advances of deep-learning algorithms mean that executive expertise, which typically runs deep in a particular domain or set of domains, is sometimes inferior to (or can get in the way of) insights generated by deep-learning algorithms, big data, and advanced analytics. In fact, there’s a case for using an executive’s domain expertise to frame the upfront questions that need asking and then turning the machines loose to answer those questions. That’s a role for the people with an organization’s strongest judgment: the senior leaders.

The importance of questions extends beyond steering machines, to interpreting their output. Recent history demonstrates the risk of relying on technology-based algorithmic insights without fully understanding how they drive decision making, for that makes it impossible to manage business and reputational risks (among others) properly. The potential for disaster is not small. The foremost cautionary tale, of course, comes from the banks prior to the 2008 financial crisis: C-suite executives and the managers one and two levels below them at major institutions did not fully understand how decisions were made in the “quant” areas of trading and asset management.

Algorithms and artificial intelligence may broaden this kind of analytical complexity beyond the financial world, to a whole new set of decision areas—again placing a premium on the tough questions senior leaders can ask. Penetrating this new world of analytical complexity is likely to be difficult, and an increasingly important role for senior executives may be establishing a set of small, often improvisatory, experiments to get a better handle on the implications of emerging insights and decision rules, as well as their own managerial styles.

Attacking exceptions

An increasingly important element of each leader’s management tool kit is likely to be the ability to attack problematic “exceptions” vigorously. Smart machines should get better and better at telling managers when they have a problem. Early evidence of this development is coming in data-intensive areas, such as pricing or credit departments or call centers—and the same thing will probably happen in more strategic areas, ranging from competitive analysis to talent management, as information gets better and machines get smarter. Executives can therefore spend less time on day-to-day management issues, but when the exception report signals a difficulty, the ability to spring into action will help executives differentiate themselves and the health of their organizations.

Senior leaders will have to draw on a mixture of insight—examining exceptions to see if they require interventions, such as new credit limits for a big customer or an opportunity to start bundling a new service with an existing product—and inspiration, as leaders galvanize the organization to respond quickly and work in new ways. Exceptions may pave the way for innovation too, something we already see as leading-edge retailers and financial-services firms mine large sets of customer data.

Tolerating ambiguity

While algorithms and supercomputers are designed to seek answers, they are likely to be most definitive on relatively small questions. The bigger and broader the inquiry, the more likely that human synthesis will be central to problem solving, because machines, though they learn rapidly, provide many pieces without assembling the puzzle. That process of assembly and synthesis can be messy and slow, placing a fresh premium on the senior leaders’ ability to tolerate ambiguity.

A straightforward example is the comfort digitally oriented executives are beginning to feel with a wide range of A/B testing to see what does and does not appeal to users or customers online. A/B testing is a small-scale version of the kind of experimentation that will increasingly hold sway as computers gain power, with fully fledged plans of action giving way to proof-of-concept (POC) ones, which make no claim to be either comprehensive or complete. POCs are a way to feel your way in uncertain terrain. Companies take an action, look at the result, and then push on to the next phase, step by step.

This necessary process will increasingly enable companies to proceed without knowing exactly where they’re going. For executives, this will feel rather like stumbling along in the dark; reference points can be few. Many will struggle with the uncertainty this approach provokes and wrestle with the temptation to engineer an outcome before sufficient data emerge to allow an informed decision. The trick will be holding open a space for the emergence of new insights and using subtle interventions to keep the whole journey from going off the cliff. What’s required, for executives, is the ability to remain in a state of unknowing while constantly filtering and evaluating the available information and its sources, tolerating tension and ambiguity, and delaying decisive action until clarity emerges. In such situations, the temptation to act quickly may provide a false sense of security and reassurance—but may also foreclose on potentially useful outcomes that would have emerged in the longer run.

Employing ‘soft’ skills

Humans have and will continue to have a strong comparative advantage when it comes to inspiring the troops, empathizing with customers, developing talent, and the like. Sometimes, machines will provide invaluable input, as Laszlo Bock at Google has famously shown in a wide range of human-resource data-analytics efforts. But translating this insight into messages that resonate with organizations will require a human touch. No computer will ever manage by walking around. And no effective executive will try to galvanize action by saying, “we’re doing this because an algorithm told us to.” Indeed, the contextualization of small-scale machine-made decisions is likely to become an important component of tomorrow’s leadership tool kit. While this article isn’t the place for a discourse on inspirational leadership, we’re firmly convinced that simultaneous growth in the importance of softer management skills and technology savvy will boost the complexity and richness of the senior-executive role.

How different is tomorrow’s effective leader from those of the past? In Peter Drucker’s 1967 classic, The Effective Executive, he described a highly productive company president who “accomplished more in [one] monthly session than many other and equally able executives get done in a month of meetings.” Yet this executive “had to resign himself to having at least half his time taken up by things of minor importance and dubious value … specific decisions on daily problems that should not have reached him but invariably did.” There should be less of dubious value coming across the senior executive’s desk in the future. This will be liberating—but also raises the bar for the executive’s ability to master the human dimensions that ultimately will provide the edge in the era of brilliant machines.

About the author(s)

Martin Dewhurst and Paul Willmott are directors in McKinsey’s London office.


Source:https:www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/leadership/manager-and-machine

ChatGPT, una introducción realista, por Ariel Torres

The following information is used for educational purposes only.           ChatGPT, una introducción realista    ChatGPT parece haber alcanz...