Tuesday, September 30, 2014

DIGMKTG/GralInt-MASTERING DIGITAL MARKETING-Video & text (unedited version)

The following information is used for educational purposes only.




MASTERING DIGITAL MARKETING



Interview Mastering digital marketing The era of the traditional marketing campaign is ending. In this interview, McKinsey’s David Edelman explains what companies get wrong when it comes to digital marketing and the changes needed to better engage consumers. June 2014 Few business functions have been as profoundly disrupted by digitization as marketing. The era of expensive campaigns pushing products through mass media has been upended, as consumers, empowered by information, are demanding more and more from the companies they choose to form relationships with. In this interview with McKinsey’s Luke Collins, David Edelman, coleader of McKinsey’s global digital marketing strategy group, explains the state of digital marketing, what companies get wrong and what they should be doing, and the role of senior leaders in pushing their organizations to master the art of digital marketing. An edited transcript of Edelman’s remarks follows. Interview transcript Most companies think in terms of campaigns. They periodically want to get interest in the marketplace, so they come out with something they want to promote, whether it’s on a quarterly, monthly, or maybe weekly basis. The reality is, though, that at any given time you’re only pushing out something to those customers for whom that one thing is relevant. But most people sell a lot of things and could be a lot of different things to many different people. And what digital allows you to do is flip that model around and say for almost anybody, “There’s something about what we have to offer that should be connecting with them.” A different marketing model There’s this broad array of ways that people have been taking the virtual phone into the physical world and using that to navigate better and to be dramatically more empowered. They’re learning more about not just price but about where things come from, what reviews are, what really is the difference between this one and that one, maybe seeing whether or not something might be better for them versus something else. What digital allows you to do is have something for everybody and use the data that you have about an individual in a particular moment—because of the search term that they use, or because of where they’ve been looking on your website, or due to the social engagement they’ve had with your brand—to categorize them differently and have something for each of them. But that means having something for each of them and creating that range of content and offers. So instead of just having 2 or 10 things that you’re pushing out, it could mean having 100 things, 100 content objects, 100,000 different variants of your offers. That’s a very different model of marketing than saying, “OK, what should our campaign be? What do we need to promote? Let’s work with the agency. Let’s eventually come up with creative. Let’s come up with a target group of customers, and let’s just get this thing out and push it to them.” Digital is faster. It has a lot more complexity. And it’s more like agile development in software, where you’ve got this fast-turn, constant iterative testing. It’s just applying that into the marketing discipline. What companies get wrong There are particular challenges that come up, stumbling blocks that we see repeatedly, that you can actually get around. And one of the first is—just starting with data and discovery—the dream that you’re going to have an integrated customer-data warehouse. That is a dream that, for many organizations, can take years to put together. And it’s going to be very hard. As you’re putting it together, things are going to keep moving. So it’s not something that you should be waiting for. It’s waiting for Godot. Instead, you should be thinking about—for a limited range of things that we think are going to be the highest value, for a particular range of segments—what is the data we need just for that, and can we create a lightweight way of bringing that together? The second challenge is organizational impediments to getting people to work together. So much of this now is about the customer’s journey. They’re on a cross-channel journey where they’re going to touch your mobile site, use their laptop, talk to somebody over the phone, go into a store. It’s all one journey. And you’ve got to be able to look at that in its totality and get people to work together and acknowledge the fact that these channels are all going to have different roles. The last part is working through what it takes to test and learn. We’ve seen a lot of companies saying, “Well, we don’t have the budget to do that many variations of a web landing page.” Or “We don’t really see how we can get approvals that fast through compliance, and through our legal folks.” It starts with just an attitude and leadership, saying, “We are going to work this through and going to work together as a team to try to get these obstacles out of the way.” One of the best ways to do that is through small-scale pilots. Pick a small geography, a specific segment of customers, a few products—a small-scale, contained base, and start with a test and learn to improve things within that. Understand: What are the challenges? What are the policies you’ll be up against? What are the processes? What data do you, and don’t you, have? Start building that muscle before you scale more broadly. What companies should do When we work with clients, it’s interesting how much they tend to focus on big tools and systems and large-scale algorithm development, when a lot of this is about smart decisions, organization issues, and process design. We find a need to be ruthless about prioritizing: What data do we really need? Let’s focus on getting that together and work on it. Then, from a design perspective, let’s get the right people in the room, with the right incentives so they’ll work together and have shared common goals; and they’ll be in a setting where it’s comfortable to work together, where they’ve got the right project team, with the right leadership behind them that’s supporting the fact that they’re doing this—instead of everybody out for themselves. And, then, working through all the obstacles that hinder rapid-cycle test and learn, and accepting the fact that you’re going to be out there constantly testing things. Those three things—prioritizing the data; getting the right people from different functions to work together; and working on that rapid-cycle test and learn—are really what you’re trying to drive toward. If you can build those muscles, you can apply that to whatever stuff digital’s going to throw your way. And there’s always going to be new digital stuff. Now, you still need the right technology backbone, and you need to have the capabilities underneath it to be able to move the data to different channels and to be able to even take your prioritized data and bring that together. I’m not minimizing the technology challenge here. For many companies, they do need to make some pretty high-stakes decisions about their technology stack, whether it’s getting data, analyzing it, building their models, content management, getting it out to market, measurement and optimization on the back end. That whole stack does need to be thought through. And for many companies, there are a lot of breaks in that: The systems aren’t open. They’re locked into older technologies. And nobody’s really focusing on that whole end-to-end set of decisions. So there is something that you need to do technology-wise, but it needs to emerge from the sense of what it is that you really want to do from a customer-management perspective. The challenge for senior leaders I work with a lot of senior leaders in different industries, helping them steer their way through some kind of digital transformation, whether it’s from a functional perspective as a chief marketing officer, or whether it’s from a general business-manager perspective. And there are definitely certain kinds of patterns that I see in terms of how a lot of senior leaders need to recalibrate their mind-set. One of the first things is recognizing that digital isn’t just this added thing. It’s not just one more channel. It’s different. It’s about changing the way you’re operating, because it is about using data, faster cycle times, more interactivity with more empowered customers. And that is going to change a lot of what’s going to happen underneath that senior leader. So one of the first things that I think senior leaders need to do is get out there and actually see what people are doing more often. Too many people are just in their office, very internally focused, with all the complexities of their calendars. And you’ve got to break them out, get them out there, and see how somebody’s using Facebook in a store to ask people about whether their product is good or not. The second thing is looking across your team, getting the team to work together more in a cross-functional mode, and setting the expectation that it is going to have to be a more team-oriented approach toward problem solving, toward getting stuff out the door, toward hastening cycle times. You’ve got to think, as a senior leader, “What are the things that are preventing my channels, or my products teams, from working together, and what can I do to role model or change the incentives to get people to solve the problems in a more integrated way?” The third thing that we see is asking more from the data that you have and recognizing how much more the data is going to actually drive a lot of the decision making, a lot of the ways you’re handling customers, and many of the value-added services themselves—recommendation engines, for example. It’s challenging your teams to say, “It’s not just ‘What is our product strategy, what is our customer-experience strategy?’ It’s also, ‘What is our data strategy? How are we getting more information about our customers? How are we going to use that information to drive value? Is that going to lead our customers to do more business with us so that we can then gather more information back?’” Information and data is going to be a critical source of advantage, and it’s pointing your spotlight on how your organization is going to compete to get the best data—because that’s going to drive a lot of the insights. That’s a different perspective than many senior executives realize they need to take on a day-to-day basis. About the authors David Edelman is a principal in McKinsey’s Boston office and coleads McKinsey’s global digital marketing strategy group. Luke Collins is a member of McKinsey Publishing and is based in the Stamford office. Source: www.mckinsey.com

Sunday, September 28, 2014

GralInt-El default de los valores

The following information is used for educational purposes only.





Editorial I

El default de los valores



La Argentina posee recursos y profesionales idóneos en abundancia, pero carece de un acuerdo básico en el cual se sustente una infraestructura moral






Si vivimos en una época en la que se pesan los billetes de la corrupción es porque la moral, en simultáneo, ha dejado de tener peso. La ausencia de un comportamiento ético es un tópico considerado secundario por nuestra sociedad, pero es el mayor obstáculo de fondo que impide el desarrollo de la Argentina. Es el default que antecede a todos los defaults, es la deuda que antecede a todas las deudas y es la pobreza que antecede a toda pobreza, situación a la cual hasta un 40 por ciento de la población podría ser vulnerable ante un shock adverso, según el Banco Mundial.

En la ausencia de un patrón moral de conducta está el núcleo de todos los deterioros posteriores. Es por eso que estamos ante una cuestión impostergable sobre la cual necesita reflexionar la sociedad en su conjunto para salir alguna vez del marasmo histórico y de la eterna repetición de las crisis en que vivimos sumergidos.

La Argentina no carece de personas capaces ni de profesionales e intelectuales idóneos. No carece tampoco de la capacidad para pensar políticas públicas adecuadas para el mediano y el largo plazo. No carece de riquezas ni de recursos naturales. Pero carece, esencialmente, de una infraestructura moral, de una sólida red de creencias mínimas acerca de lo que se puede o no tolerar en la vida pública de un país. Carecemos aún de ese pacto básico, de un acuerdo para trazar límites precisos acerca de lo que se puede o no permitir que ocurra.

Al carecer de esta clara línea de demarcación, nuestra sociedad tiende a ver como naturales los problemas más graves y a acostumbrarse a convivir con ellos, en lugar de declararlos inaceptables y exigir su inmediata corrección. A esta falta de una infraestructura ética esencial para la sociedad, se suma la carencia de controles públicos y de políticas anticorrupción -en gran parte porque los órganos de control han sido cooptados por la fracción gobernante-, así como de mecanismos efectivos de rendición de cuentas.

La vida de la Argentina, en particular en su esfera pública, no carece de ideas, sino esencialmente de valores. Y las ideas, sin valores que las inspiren y orienten, pueden constituir el germen de la corrupción, al ser herramientas utilizables para cualquier fin, que muchas veces terminan siendo empleadas para violar el bien público.

Por esta razón hemos asistido en los últimos 25 años a los desmanes de la corrupción que llevaron adelante gobiernos de uno y otro signo político. Tanto la era Menem como la era Kirchner han sido ejemplos de identidad en la ausencia de valores, aun cuando se trate de ideologías prácticas opuestas. Ambos gobiernos practicaron una corrupción rampante y el descaro más absoluto en el ejercicio de la función pública. Ambos cultivaron el delito y la hipocresía de robar al pueblo en nombre del pueblo. Ambos usaron las ideas como taparrabos de la ausencia de ética.

Si no hay una columna vertebral ética que oriente las ideas de la política, esas ideas, independientemente de su origen y contenido, se desvirtúan y se corrompen. Porque si los valores sin ideas son mudos y no pueden expresarse, las ideas sin valores son ciegas, y carecen de dirección. Una ideología a la que se le suman valores es un cuerpo de ideas que puede estar más o menos equivocado frente a lo que exige la realidad. Pero una ideología sin valores no tiene manera de convertirse en algo benigno, y es el primer paso hacia la absoluta ausencia de escrúpulos.

Muy poca esperanza nos queda de que el actual gobierno nacional modifique su rumbo de desquicio moral. Pero para el futuro, luego de 2015, tampoco bastarán nuevos planes de gobierno para embarcar al país en un rumbo de desarrollo si no hay un acuerdo previo acerca de los valores que nos deben de regir, basado en un amplio consenso social y político. Aunque cabe aclarar que, cuando hablamos de valores, no hablamos de la prédica, sino del ejemplo y de la acción.

Es necesario comprender que no se trata sólo de tener convicciones. Las convicciones desvinculadas de un marco de valores son, en el mejor de los casos, necias, y en el peor, sumamente peligrosas. Son meras expresiones de la retórica: cualquiera puede desarrollar un menú y un recitado de ellas. Ya lo decía Friedrich Nietzsche, en una frase memorable a través de la cual podríamos poner a este Gobierno a trasluz: "Las convicciones son enemigas de la verdad más poderosas que las mentiras". Es fácil hablar acaloradamente desde la tribuna, acusar con el dedo a los antipatrias, o tener la ?inefable receta de cómo deben ser las cosas, aunque las cosas desobedezcan. Lo difícil es que en las propias acciones se reflejen valores coherentes con lo que se predica. Lo que habla de nosotros no son nuestras palabras, sino nuestros actos. Y de lo que se trata es de subordinar las ideas a una brújula más profunda.

El énfasis no da razón a lo que decimos. Sólo el ejemplo de lo que hacemos nos da autoridad moral. Así, por su énfasis, la indignación con la larga lista de antipatrias -o "buitres", en el nuevo léxico kirchnerista- que se enumera todos los días, lo que pretende es crear el efecto de que vienen de la encarnación de la pureza. Pero, como se mencionó al principio, sabemos que viene de los que tienen que pesar los billetes de la corrupción, porque no les alcanzaría la vida para contarlos. Pagamos en Qatar y en Bolivia precios insólitos por el gas que podríamos producir por una fracción de ese precio. ¿Quién se beneficia con esos sobrecostos? La tremenda dicotomía entre el decir y el hacer es lo que hace crujir a toda nuestra sociedad. Y es la misma dicotomía que la de un vicepresidente que fija su domicilio en un médano. Porque la Argentina no ha aprendido aún a purgar lo que la daña, sino que lo protege y le da asilo en el corazón del sistema.

La visión primaria sobre el problema de conducta de la Argentina está orientada en general hacia el manejo de la cosa pública. Quedan pocas dudas de que la corrupción es un hecho inmanente al sistema político pero es, a la vez, un fenómeno integrante de nuestra configuración social. Pero la sociedad sigue siendo ampliamente permisiva frente a los hechos políticos de corrupción. Y esta permisividad ha quedado evidenciada por la cíclica elección de dirigentes políticos a quienes no castiga mediante el voto cuando son manifiestamente deshonestos.

Una sociedad que no cree demasiado en la ley y que carece de vocación por apegarse a regla alguna genera en su vida pública un comportamiento, con su correlato de impunidad, que no permite el desarrollo del país a largo plazo.

Como reacción social se ha visto aflorar determinados actores que, como víctimas de "la corrupción que mata" identifican y combaten a los verdaderos buitres locales que se roban lo ajeno. Como ejemplo, se pueden observar movimientos de familiares de tragedias como Cromagnon u Once, madres contra el paco en los segmentos más vulnerables de la sociedad y organizaciones sociales, como La Alameda, que luchan contra el delito organizado. Pero no basta.

En el contexto de lo expuesto, cabe señalar a dos actores sociales relevantes que quedan envueltos en el contexto de corrupción y anomia y que lamentablemente cumplen un rol pasivo, sin poder intervenir: los jóvenes, que no tienen espacio para poder modificar las reglas de juego, y los segmentos más vulnerables de la sociedad atrapados en el clientelismo y el asistencialismo político y sindical. La juventud que podría tener un rol protagónico en la construcción de nuevas lógicas es obstaculizada por el statu quo generacional. Y los segmentos más vulnerables, que necesitan reglas de juego que promuevan movilidad social ascendente, se ven sometidos en su dignidad por estructuras de dirigentes que se dedican a administrar pobreza y a lucrar con ella en vez de combatirla.

Necesitamos pensar en un acuerdo de valores que nos permita un cambio de conducta privada y pública. Hoy vivimos en una sociedad que carece de escrúpulos. Este término, que proviene del latín, significa una piedra en el zapato, aunque muchos miembros del oficialismo lo puedan confundir con el nombre de una isla griega. Esas pequeñas piedras en los zapatos, escrúpulos nacidos en los valores, le hacen falta a la Argentina para caminar en la dirección del desarrollo.






Fuente: www.lanacion.com.ar

LAW/POL/GralInt-La reforma del Código Civil:Una reforma apresurada, inconveniente e inoportuna

The following information is used for educational purposes only.





La reforma del Código Civil



26 de septiembre de 2014

Editorial I

Una reforma apresurada, inconveniente e inoportuna


La sanción de un nuevo Código Civil y Comercial debiera ser el resultado del consenso mayoritario de la sociedad





La súbita decisión del kirchnerismo de intentar darle sanción definitiva a la reforma y unificación de los códigos Civil y Comercial el miércoles próximo es el producto de una burda y precipitada maniobra política que pone en serio riesgo el futuro de todos los argentinos en temas sumamente sensibles, como el nacimiento, el matrimonio, la familia, la educación, las transacciones y los contratos comerciales, el patrimonio, la vecindad y la muerte.

La reforma de un código debe contar con el consenso de la gran mayoría de la sociedad y con la responsabilidad de los legisladores llamados a votar semejante acuerdo programático de normas que hacen a la vida de los habitantes como miembros de la sociedad civil. Esa responsabilidad les cabe muy especialmente a los senadores y diputados del oficialismo, acostumbrados a votar leyes por obediencia ciega a las órdenes que les imparte el Poder Ejecutivo.

Nuestro actual Código Civil tiene 145 años y nadie podría afirmar sin temor a equivocarse que no contenga aspectos que necesiten ser modificados. Pero hacerlo de la forma en que propone el kirchnerismo -sin debate, a las apuradas y de manera antirreglamentaria- es un despropósito.

El oficialismo pretende sancionar la ley de 2671 artículos con mayoría simple en Diputados, pues entiende que no necesita un nuevo dictamen. Asegura que le alcanza con el despacho de la comisión bicameral, que fue modificado en su momento por la Cámara alta. Sin embargo, ese hecho preciso lo invalida. No es el mismo dictamen de la bicameral, sino otro al que se le introdujeron cambios. Además, los nuevos diputados, que asumieron en diciembre pasado, tienen todo el derecho de opinar antes de votar algo en lo que no han participado.

Estamos frente a otro grosero acto de fuerza, de falso poder, de un gobierno que pretende recuperar la iniciativa política con un costo altísimo para nuestra generación y para las venideras.

La sociedad tiene hoy otras urgencias. Es realmente preocupante que Cristina Fernández de Kirchner insista en fabricar cortinas de humo, una tras otra, para intentar tapar los gruesos errores de su administración.

Hace menos de una semana, el propio oficialismo lanzaba al ruedo su intención de sancionar una ley de adopción por fuera del nuevo Código Civil y Comercial, al que veía estancado en el Congreso. Bastó con que la oposición empezara a debatir ese tema, incluso con la presentación de proyectos propios, para que rápidamente el Gobierno volviera sobre sus pasos y apurara a sus diputados a convertir en ley el nuevo código. No es extraño. Lo mismo hizo cuando se apropió del proyecto de la Asignación Universal por Hijo y de otros tantos ideados por la oposición.

También el Poder Ejecutivo terminó haciendo su propia versión del proyecto original de reunificación de los códigos. Tras habérselo encargado a una comisión de juristas, encabezada por el presidente de la Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación, Ricardo Lorenzetti, le introdujo cambios que, como el de la responsabilidad del Estado y de los funcionarios, iban en sentido contrario a lo dispuesto por el grupo de notables especialistas.

Tal fue la polémica desatada en torno a ese tema que el kirchnerismo, una vez más, decidió tratarlo por separado. Fue entonces cuando logró convertir en ley que ni el Estado ni sus principales empleados sean responsables civilmente por los daños que, por su actividad o inactividad, causaren a los bienes y derechos de las personas.

Es necesario señalar, una vez más, que ninguna ley de semejante magnitud puede ser aprobada sin un amplio debate que concluya en sólidos acuerdos.

El apresurado tratamiento legislativo del nuevo Código Civil y Comercial es a todas luces inconveniente, inoportuno e innecesario. No resulta ni siquiera mínimamente razonable avanzar hoy en esta reforma que modifica cuestiones centrales para las que debe haber un amplísimo consenso, como la modificación del estatuto de la adopción permitiendo el acceso a ese derecho a personas solas o que no estén legalmente casadas; la habilitación de divorcios exprés y las separaciones de bienes previa a las uniones conyugales; permitir las sociedades de un solo miembro, y la introducción de variantes restrictivas de la función social de la propiedad, algo que ya existe en nuestro derecho con la consagración del principio del abuso de derecho y la equidad, pero que el oficialismo pretende modificar para favorecer la irrupción del Estado en materia de propiedad privada como ya lo ha hecho en otros tantos aspectos de la vida del país.

El proyecto también incluye, entre otros muchos e importantes institutos, la pesificación de las deudas pactadas en moneda extranjera, otro punto de discordia que sigue la línea que el Gobierno traza cuando niega la inflación, interviene el mercado pesificando operaciones e interfiere las que deberían ser libres decisiones de los ciudadanos.

Modificar códigos requiere mucho conocimiento técnico, espíritu componedor, mesura, actitud democrática, respeto por la opinión del otro. Se trata nada más ni nada menos que de acordar pautas que habrán de regir la vida de los argentinos por varias generaciones.

En su afán por dar una señal de fortaleza, de recuperar la iniciativa política y de imponer nuevamente su criterio, el Gobierno vuelve a violentar las instituciones, dañando la seguridad jurídica y afectando valores enraizados en nuestra cultura jurídica y social.















Fuente: www.lanacion.com.ar

EDUC/GralInt-Cuáles son las mejores universidades de América Latina

The following information is used for educational purposes only.




Cuáles son las mejores universidades de América Latina


Según el último ranking mundial de QS, una empresa británica dedicada a educación; la UBA es la cuarta en nivel en Sudamérica




Este año se tomaron en consideración 3500 universidades de todo el mundo y se preseleccionaron 800 para configurar el ranking QS, Quacquarelli Symonds es una empresa británica especializada en educación y estudios en el extranjero.

Según esta encuesta, las tres mejores universidades del mundo son el Instituto de Tecnología de Massachusetts (MIT), Cambridge de Londres y El Imperial College de Londres.

El dato significativo de la encuesta es que se identificaron las mejores universidades de América latina. De las 71 instituciones latinoamericanas tomadas en cuenta dentro del total de 800, las 20 primeras son: Universidad de San Pablo, Católica de Chile, Autónoma de México, UBA, Estadual de Campinas, Universidad de Chile, Los Andes de Colombia, Federal de Río de Janeiro, Austral, Nacional de Colombia, Javeriana de Colombia, ITBA, Católica Argentina, Estadual Paulista, San Andrés, Federal de San Pablo, Nacional de La Plata, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Federal de Minas Gerais y Universidad de Belgrano.

Según el ranking QS de este año, las tres mejores universidades del mundo son:




Instituto de Tecnología de Massachusetts (MIT)

Cambridge, de Londres

El Imperial College de Londres







Éstas son las 20 primeras latinoamericanas:



Universidad de San Pablo

Católica de Chile

Autónoma de México

UBA

Estadual de Campinas

Universidad de Chile

Los Andes de Colombia

Federal de Río de Janeiro

Austral

Nacional de Colombia

Javeriana de Colombia

ITBA

Católica Argentina


Estadual Paulista

San Andrés


Federal de San Pablo

Nacional de La Plata


Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH)

Federal de Minas Gerais

Universidad de Belgrano


Quacquarelli Symonds es una empresa británica especializada en educación y estudios en el extranjero. La compañía fue fundada en 1990 por Nunzio Quacquarelli. Hoy, QS tiene más de 200 empleados y opera a nivel global desde sus oficinas en Londres, Nueva York, París, Singapur, Stuttgart, Boston, Washington DC, Sydney, Shangai, Johannesburgo y Alicante. Sus rankings anuales son seguidos con atención en todo el mundo e influyen en la toma de decisión de los estudiantes al encarar sus carreras universitarias.







Fuente: www.lanacion.com.ar

EDUC/GralInt-Educación transformadora:Esfuerzo y mérito, motores de la calidad educativa

The following information is used for educational purposes only.





Educación transformadora

Esfuerzo y mérito, motores de la calidad educativa




Por Luis Alberto Romero | Para LA NACION




En la provincia de Buenos Aires la función primordial asignada a las escuelas estatales es la inclusión social; la calidad educativa es un objetivo secundario y eventualmente prescindible. Así lo ha declarado el gobierno provincial, cuyos anuncios en materia de política educativa ponen por escrito, negro sobre blanco, lo que hasta ahora había transitado bajo la forma de directivas y presiones de oficio: todos los alumnos deben quedar dentro de la escuela.

No es una decisión arbitraria; tiene sus razones. Una buena parte de los establecimientos educativos funcionan en los ámbitos de la pobreza, de donde desde hace años el Estado ha desertado. Las escuelas y sus docentes son casi el único bastión estatal y se convirtieron en los responsables de atender todos los flancos: un chico en la escuela tiene asegurada una alimentación mínima, un cuidado médico mínimo, una contención mínima. Pero no una educación adecuada.

Por cierto son problemas urgentes, de los que alguien debe hacerse cargo. Pero, a la vez, el camino elegido sacrifica la calidad educativ a y sobre todo el estímulo al mérito, que es uno de sus motores. Bajo la equívoca denominación de inclusión, simplemente garantiza la reproducción de las condiciones de la pobreza, pues es difícil que niños que pasen por estas escuelas desarrollen las fuerzas para construirse una vida diferente. Inclusión o calidad constituyen hoy una disyuntiva y no es fácil elegir el camino.

Esa disyuntiva no se planteaba en la vieja Argentina, antes de su actual ciclo decadente, que ya lleva cuatro décadas. Por el contrario, eran dos aspectos de una misma política, lanzada a fines del siglo XIX por un Estado potente, capaz de desarrollar proyectos de largo plazo. Aquélla fue la educación de una sociedad nueva, abierta y democrática, que satisfacía las demandas de integración, ciudadanización y nacionalización de los nuevos habitantes del país moderno. La escuela pública, gratuita y excelente ofreció a todos iguales oportunidades para el desarrollo personal. Fue exigente y demandó trabajo y dedicación: muchos pueden recordar lo que significaba el "sexto grado completo" y luego el "secundario completo". Cotidianamente, la institución reconoció y premió el mérito, planteó metas difíciles, aspiró a que todos las superaran y reconoció a quienes lo lograban, por ejemplo, designándolos abanderados. Los maestros y directores fueron, ellos mismos, un ejemplo del mérito, sobre el que fundaban una autoridad reconocida por alumnos y padres.

Desde los años cincuenta del siglo pasado comenzó a flaquear el impulso del Estado, justamente cuando las demandas educativas se hacían más fuertes. Creció el ingreso, pero hubo menos presupuesto y menos rigor en la formación de los maestros, sobre todo desde el cierre de las escuelas normales, uno de los mayores logros de aquel proyecto, pero denigradas primero por la derecha clerical y luego por la izquierda populista. La modalidad de la acción gremial docente contribuyó al deterioro de la calidad de la escuela. No es casual que, en ese contexto, creciera la educación de gestión privada, sostenida en buena medida por un Estado cada vez menos capaz de gestionar sus propias escuelas.

Desde mediados de los años setenta el país se transformó y entró en un ciclo de declinación. Hoy ya no hay ni Estado potente ni sociedad democrática. El Estado soportó problemas propios, como su desfinanciamiento y el endeudamiento, pero además fue objeto de políticas sistemáticas de jibarización. Por obra de diferentes gobiernos, se redujeron los servicios públicos básicos, se desarmaron sus agencias y reparticiones, se descalificó a su funcionariado y se achicaron los mecanismos de control. Desde hace mucho el Estado no puede sostener políticas universales y se limita a apagar los focos de incendio.

La sociedad integrada, móvil y democrática en la que floreció la escuela pública quedó en el recuerdo. La actual está cada vez más segmentada, con una clase media que se desgrana y resiste con dificultades, y un mundo de la pobreza voluminoso, segregado y que ha construido su propia organicidad, al borde o al margen de la ley. En él, la prolongada desocupación corroyó el valor del trabajo; el empleo ocasional puede alternar con la delincuencia y la cerveza va dejando lugar a la droga.

La crisis golpea a la escuela por todos lados. La crisis estatal significa problemas presupuestarios, desmejora de la formación docente, agudización de la conflictividad sindical, debilitamiento de la gestión, cuestionamiento de la autoridad. En suma, la réplica microinstitucional de los fenómenos generales. Muchos padres se vuelcan hacia las escuelas de gestión privada, básicamente mejor dirigidas. Esto profundiza la segregación social de las estatales. Sus alumnos arrastran todos los males del mundo de la pobreza, desde la desnutrición o el ínfimo capital cultural hasta la indiferencia por el estudio o una borrosa idea de la norma y la ley. Sobre los docentes caen tanto los problemas institucionales como los de sus alumnos.

Trazar políticas para hoy y para dentro de diez años exige atacar simultáneamente los problemas del Estado y de la pobreza. Ambas cuestiones se cruzan en un punto: un Estado reconstituido debe tener agencias locales que actúen directamente sobre un mundo hoy abandonado: un policía, un fiscal, un hospital y una escuela en cada barrio. De ellas, la que hoy está mejor es la escuela, donde pese a todo sobrevive el núcleo de mayor institucionalidad.

Por eso, se les viene delegando la atención de los chicos y los adolescentes. En medio del pandemonio social y cultural, la primera reacción es sacarlos de la calle y ponerlos en la escuela. Alimentarlos, vacunarlos, contenerlos, desintoxicarlos. Todo lo que se haga en ese sentido es urgente e imprescindible. Pero va en detrimento de la función específica de la escuela: enseñar y enseñar a aprender.

La inclusión tiene su centro en la retención de los escolares. Es sobre todo una operación de salvataje. Si es necesario, para evitar que los chicos se vayan, hay que bajar requisitos o exigencias, pasar por alto las transgresiones, asimilar la violencia, relajar la institución para que sea inclusiva. Finalmente, la escuela va camino de reproducir en su interior los modos de ser de la sociedad en la que se inserta, hasta que termine perdiendo su capacidad para operar sobre ella y se limite a reproducirla.

A la hora de pensar en políticas no limitadas al presente existe otra alternativa: recuperar la dimensión educativa de la institución. Volver a la escuela y reconstruirla. Hay que reponer la normatividad, reivindicar la función del director y volver a tener docentes convencidos de la importancia de la instrucción, el trabajo y el empeño.

Sobre todo, hay que motivar el trabajo de los alumnos. "La cola en la silla", se decía antes. Hay que reconocer el esfuerzo de cada uno, premiar el mérito y poner en evidencia la falta de trabajo y dedicación. No se trata de estigmatizar, pero tampoco de ignorar la diferencia en el empeño. En la escuela, y en cualquier otro ámbito de la sociedad, la institución sólo puede hacer una parte del trabajo: ayudar a ayudarse. La otra la debe hacer cada uno, como en los grupos de autoayuda. El premio al esfuerzo, una idea clásica sobre la que se construyó la escuela, hoy no está muy de moda. Pero en mi opinión es lo único que puede invertir el sentido en el que gira hoy la rueda de la fatalidad social.

Son dos opciones. El camino de lo que hoy se entiende por inclusión, adecuado a lo que ha dado en llamarse "pobrismo", quizá tranquilice las conciencias, pero sin duda se limita a reproducir las condiciones sociales y culturales. El camino del mérito es una apuesta muy costosa de la que puede surgir una transformación. Combinarlas es difícil, pero ésa es la tarea de los dirigentes políticos.












Fuente: www.lanacion.com.ar

BRIDLE/Brida o Cabezada en Plata 800 y cuero (ON SALE/EN VENTA)

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BRIDLE/Brida o Cabezada (ON SALE/EN VENTA)(X)




Some details: Silver 800 and more, available upon request.





























(X)Contact: E-mail: blasm772@gmail.com/ Mobile:(02324)15531972





Wednesday, September 24, 2014

Tuesday, September 23, 2014

GralInt-#ÉlPorElla: el discurso de Emma Watson sobre feminismo que emocionó a la ONU

The following information is used for educational purposes only.




























#ÉlPorElla: el discurso de Emma Watson sobre feminismo que emocionó a la ONU



La actriz de Harry Potter se declaró feminista aunque señaló que en la actualidad ese concepto está distorsionado; además pidió ayuda a los hombres para lograr equidad de género en el mundo, en el marco de una campaña de Naciones Unidas































Emma Watson junto al secretario general de la ONU, Ban Ki-moon. Foto: EFE







Con sus 24 años, sin ningún personaje ni libreto de película a cuestas, la actriz británica Emma Watson se paró en el estrado de la sede central de la Organización de Naciones Unidas (ONU) en Nueva York y, con un nerviosismo evidente, dio su primer gran discurso como embajadora de buena voluntad de ONU Mujeres. El resultado: un público emocionado que ovacionó las palabras de la "Hermione" de Harry Potter.

El sábado, Watson buscaba impulsar la campaña global HeForShe ("ÉlPorElla") de la ONU, que busca involucrar a los hombres en la lucha por la equidad de género. El objetivo es que en los próximos 12 meses, más de mil hombres se sumen a la campaña para promover la igualdad de género y contribuyan así a terminar con la discriminación.





El discurso



Hoy estamos lanzando una campaña llamada HeForShe (ÉlPorElla). Me dirijo a ustedes porque necesitamos de su ayuda. Queremos terminar con la inequidad de género y, para hacerlo, necesitamos que todos se involucren. Esta es la primera campaña en su tipo en las Naciones Unidas. Queremos tratar de movilizar a cuantos hombres y niños podamos para que sean agentes de cambio, y no sólo hablar de ello. Queremos tratar de asegurarnos de que sea algo tangible.

Fui designada como Embajadora de Buena Voluntad de ONU Mujeres hace seis meses, y mientras más hablé sobre feminismo, más me di cuenta de que luchar por los derechos de las mujeres muy a menudo es sinónimo de odio hacia los hombres. Si hay algo de lo que estoy segura, es de que esto debe terminar.



Mientras más hablé sobre feminismo, más me di cuenta de que luchar por los derechos de las mujeres muy a menudo es sinónimo de odio hacia los hombres. Esto debe terminar.






Es conveniente recordar que el feminismo, por definición, es la creencia de que los hombres y las mujeres deberían tener iguales derechos y oportunidades. Es la teoría de la equidad política, económica y social de los sexos. Yo comencé a cuestionarme las conjeturas basadas en el género hace mucho tiempo.

A los 8, me confundía que me llamaran "mandona" porque quería dirigir las obras de teatro que montábamos para nuestros padres. Pero a los niños no. A los 14, comencé a ser sexualizada por ciertos sectores de la prensa; a los 15, mis mejores amigas comenzaron a salirse de sus amados equipos deportivos, porque no querían parecer "machonas"; y a los 18, mis amigos hombres eran incapaces de expresar sus sentimientos. Decidí que yo era feminista. Y esto no me parece complicado. Pero mi reciente investigación me demuestra que el feminismo se ha vuelto una palabra antipática.



Pienso que es correcto que me paguen lo mismo que a mis colegas hombres. Pienso que es correcto que yo pueda tomar decisiones sobre mi propio cuerpo, pienso que es correcto que las mujeres se involucren en mi nombre en las políticas y decisiones que afecten mi vida. Pienso que es correcto que, socialmente, se me deba el mismo respeto que a los hombres.






Las mujeres están eligiendo no identificarse como feministas. Aparentemente, me encuentro entre aquellas mujeres cuyas expresiones son vistas como muy fuertes, "muy agresivas", aisladas y anti-hombres, incluso poco atractivas. ¿Por qué la palabra se ha vuelto tan incómoda?

Vengo de Inglaterra y pienso que es correcto que me paguen lo mismo que a mis colegas hombres. Pienso que es correcto que yo pueda tomar decisiones sobre mi propio cuerpo, pienso que es correcto que las mujeres se involucren en mi nombre en las políticas y decisiones que afecten mi vida. Pienso que es correcto que, socialmente, se me deba el mismo respeto que a los hombres.

Pero tristemente, puedo decir que no existe un solo país en el mundo donde todas las mujeres puedan esperar recibir estos derechos. Ningún país en el mundo puede decir que ha alcanzado la equidad de género. Considero que estos derechos son derechos humanos, pero soy una de las afortunadas, mi vida es un auténtico privilegio porque mis padres no me amaron menos porque fuera hija. Mi escuela no me limitó por ser niña. Mis mentores no asumieron que llegaría menos lejos porque algún día podría dar a luz a un hijo. Estos agentes fueron los embajadores de la equidad de género que me hicieron quien soy el día de hoy.

Puede que ellos no lo sepan, pero ellos son los feministas inadvertidos que están cambiando el mundo hoy en día. Necesitamos más de estos, y si ustedes aún odian la palabra, no es la palabra lo que importa. Es la idea y la ambición detrás de ella. Porque no todas las mujeres han recibido los mismos derechos que yo he recibido. De hecho, estadísticamente, muy pocas los han tenido.

En 1997, Hillary Clinton dio un famoso discurso en Beijing acerca de los derechos de las mujeres. Tristemente, muchas de las cosas que ella quería cambiar aún están presentes en nuestros días. Pero lo que más me impresionó fue que menos del 30% de la audiencia eran hombres. ¿Cómo podemos tratar de cambiar el mundo cuando sólo la mitad de él se siente bienvenido o invitado a participar en la conversación?



Hombres, me gustaría aprovechar esta oportunidad para extenderles una invitación formal. La equidad de género es asunto de ustedes también.






Hombres, me gustaría aprovechar esta oportunidad para extenderles una invitación formal. La equidad de género es asunto de ustedes también. Porque, a la fecha, sigo viendo menospreciado por la sociedad el rol de mi padre en la paternidad a pesar de que, en la infancia, su presencia me era tan necesaria como la de mi madre. He visto a hombres jóvenes sufrir enfermedades mentales, incapaces de solicitar ayuda, por miedo a que eso los hiciera menos entre los hombres -o menos hombres. De hecho, en el Reino Unido, el suicidio es el mayor asesino de hombres de entre 20 y 49 años, eclipsando a los accidentes viales, el cáncer y la enfermedad coronaria. He visto a hombres volverse frágiles e inseguros por un sentido distorsionado de lo que constituye el éxito masculino. Los hombres no tienen, tampoco, los beneficios de la equidad.

No queremos hablar de que los hombres se vean atrapados por los estereotipos de género, pero puedo ver que lo están. Cuando sean libres, las cosas cambiarán para las mujeres como consecuencia natural. Si los hombres no tienen que ser agresivos, las mujeres no serán enseñadas a ser sumisas. Si los hombres no necesitan controlar, las mujeres no tendrán que ser controladas.



He visto a hombres volverse frágiles e inseguros por un sentido distorsionado de lo que constituye el éxito masculino. Los hombres no tienen, tampoco, los beneficios de la equidad.






Es tiempo de que todos veamos el género como un espectro en lugar de como dos conjuntos opuestos de ideales. Deberíamos dejar de definirnos por lo que no somos y comenzar a definirnos por lo que somos. Todos podemos ser más libres y eso es de lo que se trata ÉlPorElla. Se trata de libertad. Quiero que los hombres tomen esta responsabilidad para que sus hijas, hermanas y madres puedan ser libres de prejuicios, pero también para que sus hijos tengan permiso de ser vulnerables y humanos también, y que al hacerlo, sean una versión más completa y verdadera de sí mismos.

Ustedes podrían pensar, "¿Quién es esta chica de Harry Potter? ¿Qué está haciendo en Naciones Unidas?". Y es una muy buena pregunta.yo misma me lo he estado preguntando. Todo lo que sé es que me importa este problema y quiero ayudar. Y al ver lo que he visto y dada la oportunidad, siento que es mi responsabilidad decir algo. El estadista Edmund Burke dijo que todo lo que las fuerzas del mal necesitan para triunfar es que los buenos hombres y mujeres no hagan nada.



Quiero que los hombres tomen esta responsabilidad para que sus hijas, hermanas y madres puedan ser libres de prejuicios, pero también para que sus hijos tengan permiso de ser vulnerables y humanos también, y que al hacerlo, sean una versión más completa y verdadera de sí mismos.






En mi nerviosismo por este discurso y en mis momentos de duda, me he dicho firmemente a mí misma, "Si no soy yo, ¿quién? Si no es ahora, ¿cuándo?" Si ustedes tienen dudas similares cuando las oportunidades se les presenten, espero que esas palabras les sean de ayuda, porque la realidad es que, si no hacemos nada, tomará unos 75 años, o para mí, casi llegar a los 100, antes que las mujeres puedan esperar que se les pague lo mismo que a los hombres por el mismo trabajo. 15.5 millones de niñas se casarán en los próximos 16 años aún siendo niñas, y en las tasas actuales, no será sino hasta el 2086 que todas las niñas en el África rural puedan cursar la educación secundaria.

Si vos crees en la equidad, podrías ser uno de esos feministas inadvertidos de los que hablé antes y, por esto, te felicito. Estamos luchando por una palabra que nos una, pero la buena noticia es que tenemos un movimiento que nos une. Se llama ÉlPorElla. Los invito a dar un paso adelante y preguntarse a ustedes mismos, "Si no soy yo, ¿quién? Si no es ahora, ¿cuándo?". Muchas, muchas gracias.




Fuente:www.lanacion.com.ar

BUSPRESENT/GralInt-BUSINESS ENGLISH PRESENTATIONS: Example Presentation-Video

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BUSINESS ENGLISH PRESENTATIONS




































Source: www.youtube.com/www.mybusinessenglish.com

PRESENT/GralInt-The Mini-Guide to Presentation Practice-20 slides

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The Mini-Guide to Presentation Practice














































Source: www.slideshare.net

BUSPRESENT/GralInt-Make a Presentation like Steve Jobs (rep)

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Make a Presentation like Steve Jobs






































Source: www.youtube.com

BUSPRESENT/GralInt-Guy Kawasaki: 10 20 30 Rule

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Guy Kawasaki: 10 20 30 Rule

































Source: www.youtube.com/www.ethos3.com

Sunday, September 21, 2014

21st September: HAPPY SPRING DAY!!! & A Selection of Some Oldies

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HAPPY SPRING DAY!!!




























































Simon & Garfunkel


































Mamas & the Papas
































Nancy Sinatra



































Peggy Lee





































Bill Withers




























Ray Charles





























Source: Google Images/www.youtube.com



Wednesday, September 17, 2014

17 de Septiembre:¡FELIZ DÍA DEL PROFESOR!

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¡FELIZ DÍA DEL PROFESOR!


Pasión

Responsabilidad

Obra

Fortaleza

Enseñanza

Solidaridad

Oportunidad

Respeto



por C.M.











































































































Fuente: Google Images

Sunday, September 14, 2014

LEAD/GralInt-Leadership:Bill George: Authentic Leadership and Letting Your Strengths ‘Bloom’ (Video & edited excerpts)

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Leadership

Bill George: Authentic Leadership and Letting Your Strengths ‘Bloom’


Jul 15, 2014



Business leader-turned-academic Bill George has often told aspiring executives that leadership is more about discovering and building on your true strengths than about becoming a different person. Author of best-selling books including Authentic Leadership and True North, he was chairman and chief executive officer of medical device maker Medtronic during a decade of high growth. In an interview with Wharton management professor Michael Useem, George, who is now a professor of management practice at Harvard Business School, shares insights about his own path to leadership and offers some advice for aspiring leaders.


An edited transcript of the conversation follows.


Michael Useem: You ran one of the great medical equipment makers of the world, Medtronic, for a decade. You’ve been on the faculty at the Harvard Business School for a decade. You served on the boards of ExxonMobil, Goldman Sachs [and] the Mayo Clinic. Today, we’re going to talk about your own leadership at Medtronic and what you’ve been doing in more recent years to help others develop their leadership. Let’s start with a day at the office [at Medtronic]. When you walked in, the security person was happy to see you. You got a cup of coffee, sat down in your office – and then, some people might say, “it’s all downhill” from there. So, what was a day like? A week?

George: For me, I’d have to say it was all uphill. It just was an amazing time. I became very quickly engaged in the life-saving mission of Medtronic and how we were engaging with patients and what we were doing in our labs to try to save lives — whether it was cerebral palsy or with the drug pump or Parkinson’s disease. [It] took us 10 years to get there, Mike, but it was so exciting to see people who were just locked inside their brains with Parkinson’s disease, and all of a sudden they had their lives transformed by these miracle treatments.

Useem: I would add the pacemaker [to that list]. There are some people out there walking down the street today who [could not do] that without that particular product.

George: Right. But [with] the implantable defibrillator, we were locked out by patents. We had to go to the Supreme Court to get into the game. We had huge competition from Guidant, which was an [Eli] Lilly spin-off.

It was an amazing experience with the lives saved. My mentor in the last decade has been Warren Bennis (leadership expert and professor of business administration at the University of Southern California). I was with Warren last week, and he said he had his life saved six times by his Medtronic defibrillator.


“Sometimes you have to go against the grain. You have to go against what prevailing wisdom is telling you. And certainly go against what securities analysts are telling you.”


Useem: Let’s talk about Warren Bennis a bit — an author and a well-known commentator on leadership. He’s written probably a dozen books on the topic. Bill, I’ve heard you say previously that you were not a natural born leader. You learned how to lead at Medtronic. You took the company from $1 billion to $60 billion in market cap over [your] 10 years [there]. What are some of the events, some of the people, some of the mentors, some of the books and some of the experiences that changed you from the person you were at age 20 to the chief executive of Medtronic?

George: Part of it was having a negative experience at Honeywell before I came, where I’d felt like I’d hit the wall, so to speak. I wasn’t being myself. I was the heir apparent to become CEO of this giant company. But I just wasn’t happy. I wasn’t passionate about the business. [It had] great people, but it was so bureaucratic, and it wasn’t me. I had to face that in order to go to a smaller company. Like one of my mentors once said, “Sometimes you have to take the elevator down a floor to go up further.” That’s what I learned at Medtronic. It was like an open, free culture. You could breathe the air. I could be myself [and feel] the passion, the excitement. I saw 700 medical procedures [including] a defibrillator implant. I saw somebody’s life saved in brain surgery. [I saw] a stent put in their heart.

That’s where I really learned about the business. I then tried to integrate that into the company. Instead of the internal bureaucracy we had to bring much more of an external look. You’d sit around the lunch room and dream up new ideas. You’d sit in a business meeting and say, “Is this product good enough to go to patients — so 100% of all patients who get it are going to have their lives improved? If it’s not, we’re going to have to go back to the drawing board.”

Useem: Did you have a mentor along the way?

George: I’ve had a lot of mentors. Win Wall (Winston Wallin, former Medtronic CEO), my predecessor, was one of my mentors when I was CEO. And I’ve had a lot of mentors. My mentors are different today. Warren Bennis is one of them but also Nitin Nohria, our dean at Harvard Business School, [who] has shown me the ropes at Harvard. I look at them as wisdom people — wise people whom you can consult.

Useem: Let’s take you into a year or two at Medtronic. I’ve often heard it said that in the corner office, your day is just one darned decision after another, and all the easy decisions somebody else took care of at a lower level. Think back on your 10 years there. What was among the toughest decisions you made? What went into it? How did you resolve it? Looking back with the benefit of hindsight, what might you have done differently?

George: Well, there were some big decisions. The toughest one I had was in 1998. We’d had a growth front started by my predecessor [Winston Wallin] 1985. And so we had a 13-year unblemished run of 18% growth in revenues and 22% in earnings. Yet that year (1998), we weren’t growing. We had one business losing $50 million — a vascular business. We had a lot of people inside the company from the old line core business — pacemakers, defibrillators — that wanted me to pull back and not get into so many new businesses. We had a lot of ventures losing money.

We had to make the call because we weren’t growing. We had a 15% growth goal, and we were lucky if we were growing 7% that year. We were working hard to keep the earnings up, but you can only do that a while. We had two choices. We could pull back to what we were really good at, [where] we knew we could make a lot of money, but probably be acquired by a larger company like a GE or a Johnson & Johnson. Or we could go for it and take some risks, take advantage of our high priced earnings ratio and expand the company.

We chose the latter course. Even though a number of members of our executive committee were opposed to doing that, we decided to go out and expand the company. We did five acquisitions — $13 billion in sales that transformed the company. I remember having a problem after that. One of the acquisitions didn’t go well. The stock market beat us. [It was the] first time we’d missed quarterly earnings [forecasts] in 10 years. They beat us up pretty bad. I said, “Look, there’s a great company; it’ll come back.” And we did. Two years later, the market cap had tripled from $20 billion to $60 billion because we did the right thing.

But it could have gone the other way. The whole thing could have backfired on us, and we could have made some really bad deals and blown up the company.

Useem: You’ve got to take a risk. That’s what business is. [You’ve] got to live a little bit on the edge.

George: Sometimes you have to go against the grain. You have to go against what prevailing wisdom is telling you. And certainly go against what securities analysts are telling you.

Useem: The U.S. Army for long had a phrase abbreviated as AAR — the After Action Review. [It is] always good to look back when things have gone well or not well and ask what you might have done differently. Anything you would have done differently on that one with the benefit of looking back?

George: When something goes well, you wish you’d done it sooner. We did a pretty good job of integrating [acquisitions]. So, I don’t have a lot of regrets about that call. It’s interesting that the first acquisition Medtronic [made was] eventually spun off. It was interesting because it was not a fantastic [deal], but it opened the door to a lot of other things and put us in the game and gave us self-confidence. So, I don’t even regret doing that [one]. We were in chains and we had to bust loose from those chains. So I don’t have a lot of second thoughts about those deals.

Useem: Bill, when you became chief executive, you, like all first-time chief executives, were doing it for the first time. Thinking back about becoming chief executive, was there anything that was surprising, even shocking, that you didn’t anticipate until you got into that corner office? Was there anything that really seemed counter intuitive, [or] even shocking, as you took up the mantle of leader of the firm?

George: Well, I was fairly new to Medtronic at the time. I’d been with the company [for about] two years as president and chief operating officer. My predecessor stayed on as board chair. I always said he was one of my wisdom advisors. It took a while [to get] our whole team fully on board. A lot of them weren’t quite sure. A couple of them had wanted the job. [I had to] get them to fully embrace the company. Then what really shocked me was that [despite our company’s] great values, we ran into huge ethical problems outside the United States. I appointed the president of [Medtronic’s European operation] … and it turned out he was running a bribery fund. He’d come from a subsidiary company [and] was running it there. But still, he had to be fired. I had to admit my mistake and say, “I made the mistake [of] appointing this guy.”

It took a long time to get our team up to speed [while facing these] ethical problems around the world. [We had to] change out our manager in Italy. We had to change out people in China and Argentina and Brazil. [We] had to shut down every operation we had in Korea back in 1992 or 1993, because we ran into some significant ethical problems there, and just start over.

But I was shocked [at] how a company with such good values could tolerate such actions around the world. I think tolerate is the right word. One of my closest colleagues was a Frenchman who was head of international [operations]. He wasn’t unethical, but he looked the other way. He was passive. He had to be replaced so that we could take the lid of all these operations and make a lot of changes. But that took longer than I thought.


“Just be yourself. You can’t be something [else]. If you’re a tulip, be a tulip. If you’re a rose, and you’ve got some [thorns], it’s okay.”



Useem: Bill, let me reference maybe one of the miracles of the modern universe. You come to work in the morning, but at that time another 5,000 people come to work.They’ve all got to get their job done [and] work together, pull together. That has to be aligned with where you’re going. If there was one thing you did to keep the 5,000 people working for you all over the world pointed in the right direction, above that ethical line, productive, [and] ultimately profit-producing, what was maybe the most important secret of your own leadership?

George: Talk about the mission — every day, every minute, every hour — till you sound like a broken record. Travel around the world. Do mission and medallion ceremonies and give people that Medtronic medallion that says, “Our job is to restore people to full life and health.” You start to say, “My gosh, people must be really bored hearing this.” No, they want to hear it every time. Bring in role models. Bring in examples. They want to know why quality on the production line is so critical. It’s not to satisfy some quality inspector over there. It’s because we know a human life hangs on the end of this heart valve. Or when you’re in the operating room, you know that if you don’t provide the right product to the doctor at the right time, someone’s going to die. I watched somebody die in Paris in an operation once in a venture we had. Or he died later that night. [The message needs to] pervade every aspect of what you’re doing.

We turned down some very large acquisitions because in the end, there was not a coming-together around the mission and the culture — Boston Scientific, U.S. Surgical — companies we spent a lot time talking to, visiting with, talking to the CEO. But it was clear that there was not going to be a meeting of the minds around those points. That was what counted. That was the thing I always tested people for.

At the end of my tenure, I had to fire a chief information officer because he didn’t get it. He wanted to know where his reserved parking place was. We don’t have that. We don’t have any company planes. Get over it. He didn’t get the mission. He’d only been there a week or two. I said, “This isn’t going to work.” So he went away because it was clear I made a mistake. I’m not blaming him. I’m blaming myself.

Useem: You’ve written four books since you were there. Two of them have the following titles: Authentic Leadership — that’s the first book you did and [it] became a bestseller, [and], a little bit later on, True North. A question I’m often asked as I reference the concepts [in those books] is if you don’t feel that you’re being the authentic you, and if you don’t really have a North Star yet, how can you develop that authenticity?

George: When I first started writing, I was in Switzerland. I’d just given up being CEO of Medtronic about a year before. I [had] realized we were losing sight of what we were called to do. I thought that all the leadership literature was going the wrong way. It was talking about how we can pace the trade characteristics, competency and models, and all the HR community was going this way. I just felt it was wrong. I felt leadership has to be coming from who you are. You have to be authentic and the genuine you. You have to follow your true north. You have to be the real person that you’re called to be. That was the year of emulating Jack Welch. And how would you like to be a female executive emulating Jack Welch? It can’t be done.

You’ve got to be yourself. We’ve got to get away from this “great man” theory of leadership and get down to [the fact that] everyone has qualities of leadership, but they have to be developed. That was the whole thesis of everything that I did. That’s what I always told people: “Just be yourself. You can’t be something [else]. If you’re a tulip, be a tulip. If you’re a rose, and you’ve got some [thorns], it’s okay. You can produce beautiful buds. But you’ve got to be who you are. And then bloom from that position.”

Useem: Bill, you’re optimistic in that if we are being ourselves and we’re not performing to the level that we know we have to, we’ve got to take ourselves and we’ve got to build out what works, what’s strong. How should people go about doing that?

George: [The] first thing you have to do is accept yourself. You have to know yourself and have self-awareness. Then you have to accept yourself. That requires compassion for your weaknesses. You’ve got to realize that’s the core. A lot of people say, “I don’t want to deal with it.” [However, you] can’t be a leader until you do it. That’s who you are. You have to accept who you are. There’s nothing wrong with that. Until you can accept that you came from poverty, you came from a broken family or whatever it was, until you can gain that level, you can’t be a leader. Helping people walk through that process is just amazing in how it frees people up. It’s exciting.

Useem: Once we’ve got that, we need to go where we’re going … and that metaphor of a point of light that’s always there, your true north.


“When you’re 97 years old and your granddaughter asks you, ‘What did you do to make a difference?’ What are you going to tell her? Think about that now when you’re 22.”


George: Your true north is, “What is your purpose in life? What are you called to do? I’m just one of seven billion people on the planet — how can I make a difference in the world? That’s what I’m passionately [exploring] today with young leaders coming in. How can each of us make a difference in the world through our work – [and it is] not that one is greater and one is lesser. [It is about] having a sense of your true north and what you really believe in, and following that. We all get pulled off course, but you have to find a way of coming back to true north, to what really is you.

Useem: Somebody says, “I want to find my true north. I’m 22 years of age. I’m still trying to get that direction figured out. How do I go about figuring out what my true north should be?”

George: Very straight forward. First of all, let’s review your life story and the various phases. What are the high points and low points, really in depth? What is the greatest crucible of your life? What did you learn from that experience? Let’s understand. What do you believe [in]? What are your beliefs? What are your deepest held values? What are your principles [regarding] humankind and people? Put those things together, and now we’re ready to talk about the purpose of [a person’s] leadership.

I learned the hard way [that] you can’t start out talking about [true north]. People don’t know. Until you go through [this kind of questioning process], it doesn’t come into focus. “What are the gifts I have? What are my greatest strengths? What are the things I’m most motivated by?” That’s what we call your sweet spot — because it’s intrinsic motivation, not just money, fame and power, [which are] extrinsic. And it’s your greatest strength.

I had people trying to fix my weaknesses in previous jobs at Litton and Honeywell for 20 years. They were always unsuccessful because you couldn’t fix them. I’m still impatient. I’m still too direct. I still lack tact. I still have all those weaknesses I’ve had all along. I hope I’ve moderated them a little bit and they aren’t quite as strong, but they’re still there. They are part of who I am.

Useem: Bill, a question to shift gears ever so briefly here. You’ve been a chief executive who has had a board, and now you serve on the board of Goldman Sachs and ExxonMobil, among others. How does a chief executive go about getting the most from the amazing people in most board rooms — or if you’re a non-executive director, as you are at Goldman [Sachs] and ExxonMobil, how do you work to ensure that the board can give the chief executive and his or her team what they need — which is strategic guidance and much more?

George: Well, the best boards are made up of diverse people who’ve had a lot of experience. [At Medtronic] we had doctors on the board, we had business people — we [executives] just tried to have the dialogue and discussion and listen to what they had to say.

Sometimes [board members] get it wrong. Or sometimes they don’t say things quite right. That’s fine. But what insights can we get from our board and really use? …Make sure you’re getting everyone engaged and that you have private time to do it. You can’t do it with the whole management team in the room. Use your board, in the sense of gaining from their wisdom, knowledge and experience.

That’s the only reason I would serve on a board. The best board I was on was Novartis, where [former CEO] Dan Vasella really used the board and really appreciated our input. He would give us unformed decisions and say, “What do you think about this?” We’d give him inputs, and he’d come back a few months later and say, “Okay, now we’re ready to take the next step.” I’ve encouraged the boards I’m on to do the same thing.

Useem: What advice would you have for a young person just coming into their career in the light of what you’ve done?

George: Don’t do what I’ve done! (Laughs) You should do what you feel called to do. What turns you on? What are your passions? What gets you really excited? How do you want to make a difference in the world? When you get on your death bed and you’re 97 years old and your favorite granddaughter asks you, “What did you do to make a difference?” What are you going to tell her? Think about that now when you’re 22. How are you going to make your mark? There are seven billion people. How are you going to make a difference? What can you leave behind? What’s the legacy? Who is the real you? I guarantee you it’s not going to be how much money you make, because there will always be somebody who makes more money. What did you do to make a difference?

I found it really gets down to the lives you touch every day in your life … and people you don’t even know sometimes whom you’ve impacted by who you are, what you stand for, by being true to what you believe. If you can just do that — follow your own passions — you can fulfill every dream you have. It doesn’t matter what your title is and how much money you make. It doesn’t matter how famous you are. But what does matter is: Did you make a difference? Did you use your greatest gifts that your creator gave you to make a difference in the world — to make this a better place, to solve problems?













Source: www.knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu

MKTG/GralInt-MARKETING:Why Location is King for E-commerce, Too-(Video + edited transcript)

The following information is used for educational purposes only.
































MARKETING


Why Location is King for E-commerce, Too



Jul 31, 2014




Nearly a quarter of commerce now occurs online in the United States. Yet, according to a recent research paper by David R. Bell and Wharton doctoral candidate Jae Young Lee, “location, location, location” is as relevant in the world of e-commerce as it is in the physical world. In the paper, “Neighborhood Social Capital and Social Learning for Experience Attributes of Products,” Bell and Lee offer surprising insights about how our offline behavior — including where we live –influences our online behavior.This research served as a partial basis for Bell’s new book, Location Is (Still) Everything: The Surprising Influence of the Real World on How We Search, Shop, and Sell in the Virtual One. In the book, Bell reveals how our physical world shapes the ways that we use the Internet and explains what online sellers need to know to understand the conditions in which their customers operate.In the following interview with Knowledge@Wharton, Bell discusses the takeaways from the research paper and poses questions for online sellers to consider: Why do you have customers in some locations and not others? How does the physical world affect what’s happening in the virtual world? How can you inspire your current customers to advocate for your products and services in the real world?


Edited excerpts from the conversation follow.



On ‘neighborhood social capital’:


This research is called “Neighborhood Social Capital and Social Learning for Experience Attributes of Products.” So, right there in the title are some of the key ingredients that we want to think about.
The first is neighborhood social capital, meaning the extent to which people trust and know each other, and interact with each other offline. Social learning means that information is transferred from an existing customer to a potential customer. And the experience attributes [of] products [mean it is] really hard to know what they’re going to be like until you try them. We’re thinking about fashion apparel, eyewear, those kinds of things where you would really like to have a visceral experience. This research is about how to figure out where those customers live, and who is most likely to talk about the product and therefore generate new sales, particularly for products where some explanation is required.


On the key takeaways of the research:



There are two really important takeaways here for anyone who is in the online world selling things through the Internet. The first is that it’s very critical to understand what the offline environment looks like. Why is it that you have some customers in one location and no customers in another? What is it about the physical world that is affecting what is going on in the virtual world? That’s the first thing.
The second thing that this research emphasizes is that existing customers are often the most powerful source of new customers for a firm — the extent to which they advocate to [others], the [degree to which] the product they’re using is socially visible, and the extent to which they talk about it with friends, family and others who they come into contact with locally.
“There are certain things that online environment does for you — it makes fulfillment easy, it makes it easy to scale. But there are other critical things that offline does for you.”


On his most surprising conclusions:



With any piece of research, it’s always nice to find something that’s a little bit surprising or counter-intuitive. And there were really three things here. The first thing was that this social and learning effect was really quite large. Up to half of the new customers that came into the firm that we studied — [men’s clothing site] Bonobos.com — got there because the information was shared from one customer to another in an offline environment. That was the first thing.
The second thing was that this effect became more important over time. People who were the first customers into the firm — maybe they’re going off their own information or … they are fairly risk-seeking people. People who came later on tend to require a little bit more hand holding from others.
The third thing is that this notion of social capital — or the extent to which people trust and interact with each other in a local neighborhood — doesn’t generate sales per se, but it makes information transfer more efficient. So, if bad information is being spread — i.e. “This company’s no good” — it’s going to slow down sales. In this case, fortunately for Bonobos, what was being transmitted was positive and therefore sales sped up.


On the practical implications of the research:



The first thing that’s really important for any commerce business to understand is that the offline environment is going to explain a lot about the success in online sales. The firm really needs to think about what kind of locations are going to be most fruitful and why — I mean, [leadership needs to] go into those locations and see customers.
Secondly, … some products are naturally socially visible — if I’m wearing glasses or I’m wearing a pair of pants, people might ask me about them or I might be able to generate a conversation. For products that are not naturally socially visible, then maybe there is a way to make it socially visible by having it shipped to the office rather than the home, for example.
Let’s give a practical example that really ties all of this together. The firm that we looked at — Bonobos.com — is a men’s fashion retailer. What we found was, in locations where customers were more apt to talk to each other and trust each other, there was a greater sales diffusion online. The target customer in this case is a male, aged 25-45, who is somewhat fashion-forward. It turns out that a good proxy for where those males are congregating is the number of bars and liquor stores per capita in a location. We had some sociological theory that told us about interaction and then we were able to go to public data and find a variable that was actually a pretty good proxy. So, it’s tying those things together, thinking about the theory and then trying to find a proxy with real data.


On possible strategies based on the research:



One strategy that a new commerce firm can pursue, which is really just an outcrop of what they’re already doing, is to append the zip code data that they collect naturally through the sales process with other data about what is going on in that zip code. This can come from the U.S. Census or for other third-party suppliers.
For example, if I’m Bonobos I would like to know how many fashion apparel stores there were in a location. I’d like to know what the population density was, what the age distribution was, and about the presence or absence of a college campus. Those things will tell me quite a lot about why I might have high sales at one location and low sales in another. So, it’s really just dependent on what has already been done. That’s the first thing that a new commerce company should be thinking about.
“Social capital — or the extent to which people trust and interact with each other in a local neighborhood — doesn’t generate sales per se, but it makes information transfer more efficient.”



On taking the conclusions beyond fashion:



This is really a very general conclusion. Even though there are a number of companies out there now selling things online — through the virtual world, if you will — all of those companies are selling to customers who still live in the real world. So, understanding the real world circumstance of your customer — what other offline options they have, who they live next to, how they interact with the local environment — is a really critical ingredient, perhaps the most critical ingredient, for understanding whether or not they’re going to shop online or offline, how they’re going to search, and also with whom they’re going to interact and spread the good news about your product.




On how the research relates to recent news:



One thing that’s getting a lot of press in the news right now — in fact, I heard a great buzz word and being in marketing, we love buzz words — is this notion of “omni-channel” i.e. online and offline being integrated seamlessly. What we’ve seen is there are firms who came out very strongly early on — perhaps even Bonobos, which was the subject in this study in 2007 when they first started saying, “Why would anyone ever bother to operate offline when you can sell through this wondrous thing called the Internet?”
But what everybody is realizing now, whether you are Rent the Runway or Birchbox or even Amazon, in addition to Warby Parker and Bonobos.com and many others, is that you really need to operate both online and offline. There are certain things that the online environment does for you — it makes fulfillment easy, it makes it easy to scale. But there are other critical things that offline does for you, as well. It makes it much easier to relay information to other people. It also makes it much easier to build credibility about your brand if you really have a physical world presence.
We’re seeing more and more of this discussion now — what it means to be omni-channel — not just present in one world, but present in both.


On how the research dispels misperceptions:




This study dispels a couple of misconceptions. The first misconception that I’ve talked about already a little bit is the fact that the online world is somehow disconnected from the offline. The offline world explains a lot of what’s going on in the online world. And also, the offline world is actually pretty easy to understand. There has been a whole history of very, very rich data being collected about who is living where, what are they doing, the level of commercial activity and so on.
The second thing — and we’ve heard this for years and years in commerce — is that location is very important. But we tend to think about the location of the firm — where do we put the store? Where do we operate the factory? Which country should we be in? But what we’re finding is that it’s still about location, but this time it’s about the location of the customer. Where is that customer and with whom does that customer also live? That’s what’s really important in the world of e-commerce.
“The offline environment is going to explain a lot about the success in online sales.”



On how the research is unique:




One really novel aspect of this research is that it is really combing ideas from two different fields and data, in fact, from two different fields. In this case, we’re talking about some ideas that come from sociology — why it is that people trust each other and interact with each other — and also some ideas from marketing about how information gets communicated, and how people relay ideas from one person to the next.
It’s also combining data from two disparate sources that are not often used. The first source of data is the Social Capital Community Benchmark Survey. I know that’s a mouthful. But it’s coming from the [Harvard] Kennedy School, collected by Robert Putnam, who was involved in writing the book Bowling Alone, which is about the collapse and revival of social capital in America.
And then secondly, [we used] data from the firm itself — Bonobos.com, founded by Andy Dunn. What we were able to do is merge theories from sociology and marketing, and also merge data collected for another purpose, with real data coming from a prominent e-commerce firm.



On what’s next:



This is a very rich area, this whole online, offline, omni-channel interaction. The next thing I’d like to look at is how customers who are exposed to the firm in one world — let’s say the offline world — might continue to interact with the firm through the online world. A lot is being written right now about pop-up stores. [For example,] Warby Parker has a bus. “We’re heading around the U.S.” and so on.
I want to give a shout-out to Lawrence Lenihan, one of our alums who runs FirstMark Capital in New York. He spoke to my class and he gave a very, very interesting analogy. He said that, for example, when I interact with somebody — let’s call him “Joe” — and it’s over e-mail, it’s a very low-energy interaction. We don’t know each other. And then Joe and I get on the phone and Joe hears my accent, I hear his Long Island accent — and our energy level goes up. And then we go out and we have a couple of beers and we have dinner and we really get to know each other. So, then the next time an e-mail comes out, the energy level has now been elevated.
And so it is, in some sense, with all online or offline. We’re going to look at the customers that were acquired by Warby Parker for eyewear and Bonobos for fashion clothing. If the first experience was offline and it was a good experience, are the firms able then to subsequently serve these customers online? And there are great operational advantages from doing so because it’s much, much cheaper to fulfill that customer out of a warehouse than to always having him come into a retail store. That’s really where I want to go next.




















Source: www.knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu

ChatGPT, una introducción realista, por Ariel Torres

The following information is used for educational purposes only.           ChatGPT, una introducción realista    ChatGPT parece haber alcanz...