POL/INTAFF/LAW-TED Talks-Misha Glenny investigates global crime networks

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Transcript:

These are grim economic times,fellow TEDsters, grim economic times indeed.And so, I would like to cheer you upwith one of the great, albeit largely unknown,commercial success storiesof the past 20 years.Comparable, in its own very peculiar way,to the achievements of Microsoft or Google.And it's an industry which has bucked the current recessionwith equanimity.I refer to organized crime.

Now organized crime has been aroundfor a very long time, I hear you say,and these would be wise words, indeed.But in the last two decades,it has experienced an unprecedented expansion,now accounting for roughly 15 percentof the world's GDP.I like to call it the Global Shadow Economy,or McMafia, for short.

So what triggered this extraordinary growthin cross-border crime?Well, of course, there is globalization,technology, communications, all that stuff,which we'll talk about a little bit later.But first, I would like to take you backto this event:the collapse of communism.All across Eastern Europe, a most momentous episodein our post-war history.

Now it's time for full disclosure.This event meant a great deal to me personally.I had started smuggling books across the Iron Curtainto Democratic opposition groups in Eastern Europe,like Solidarity in Poland,when I was in my teens.I then started writing about Eastern Europe,and eventually I became the BBC's chief correspondent for the region,which is what I was doing in 1989.And so when 425 million peoplefinally won the rightto choose their own governments,I was ecstatic,but I was also a touch worriedabout some of the nastier thingslurking behind the wall.

It wasn't long, for example,before ethnic nationalismreared its bloody headin Yugoslavia.And amongst the chaos,amidst the euphoria,it took me a little while to understandthat some of the people who had wielded powerbefore 1989, in Eastern Europe,continued to do so after the revolutions there.Obviously there were characters like this.But there were also some more unexpected peoplewho played a critical role in what was going on in Eastern Europe.

Like this character. Remember these guys?They used to win the gold medals in weightliftingand wrestling, every four years in the Olympics,and they were the great celebrities of communism,with a fabulous lifestyle to go with it.They used to get great apartments in the center of town,casual sex on tap,and they could travel to the West very freely,which was a great luxury at the time.It may come as a surprise, but they played a critical rolein the emergence of the market economyin Eastern Europe.Or as I like to call them, they arethe midwives of capitalism.Here are some of those same weightliftersafter their 1989 makeover.

Now in Bulgaria --this photograph was taken in Bulgaria --when communism collapsed all over Eastern Europe,it wasn't just communism;it was the state that collapsed as well.That means your police force wasn't working.The court system wasn't functioning properly.So what was a business man in the brave new worldof East European capitalism going to doto make sure that his contracts would be honored?Well, he would turn to people who were called, rather prosaicallyby sociologists, privatized law enforcement agencies.We prefer to know them as the mafia.And in Bulgaria, the mafia was soon joinedwith 14,000 peoplewho were sacked from their jobs in the security servicesbetween 1989 and 1991.

Now, when your state is collapsing,your economy is heading south at a rate of knots,the last people you want coming on to the labor marketare 14,000 men and women whose chief skillsare surveillance,are smuggling, building underground networksand killing people.But that's what happened all over Eastern Europe.Now, when I was working in the 1990s,I spent most of the time coveringthe appalling conflict in Yugoslavia.

And I couldn't help noticethat the people who were perpetrating the appalling atrocities,the paramilitary organizations,were actually the same people runningthe organized criminal syndicates.And I came to think that behind the violencelay a sinister criminal enterprise.And so I resolved to travel around the worldexamining this global criminal underworldby talking to policemen,by talking to victims, by talking to consumersof illicit goods and services.But above all else, by talking to the gangsters themselves.

And the Balkans was a fabulous place to start.Why? Well of coursethere was the issue of law and order collapsing,but also, as they say in the retail trade,it's location, location, location.And what I noticed at the beginning of my researchthat the Balkans had turned into a vast transit zonefor illicit goods and services coming from all over the world.Heroin, cocaine,women being trafficked into prostitutionand precious minerals.

And where were they heading?The European Union, which by nowwas beginning to reap the benefits of globalization,transforming it intothe most affluent consumer market in history,eventually comprising some 500 million people.And a significant minorityof those 500 million peoplelike to spend some of their leisure time and spare cashsleeping with prostitutes,sticking 50 Euro notes up their noseand employing illegal migrant laborers.

Now, organized crime in a globalizing worldoperates in the same way as any other business.It has zones of production,like Afghanistan and Columbia.It has zones of distribution,like Mexico and the Balkans.And then, of course, it has zones of consumption,like the European Union, Japanand of course, the United States.The zones of production and distributiontend to lie in the developing world,and they are often threatened by appalling violenceand bloodshed.

Take Mexico, for example.Six thousand people killed there in the last 18 monthsas a direct consequence of the cocaine trade.But what about the Democratic Republic of Congo?Since 1998, five million people have died there.It's not a conflict you read about much in the newspapers,but it's the biggest conflict on this planetsince the Second World War.And why is it? Because mafias from all around the worldcooperate with local paramilitariesin order to seize the suppliesof the rich mineral resourcesof the region.

In the year 2000, 80 percent of the world's coltanwas sourced to the killing fieldsof the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo.Now, coltan you will find in almost every mobile phone,in almost every laptopand games console.The Congolese war lords were selling this stuff to the mafiain exchange for weapons,and the mafia would then sell it on to Western markets.And it is this Western desireto consumethat is the primary driverof international organized crime.

Now, let me show you some of my friends in action,caught conveniently on film by the Italian police,and smuggling duty-not-paid cigarettes.Now, cigarettes out the factory gate are very cheap.The European Union then imposes the highest taxes on them in the world.So if you can smuggle them into the E.U.,there are very handsome profits to be made,and I want to show you this to demonstratethe type of resources available to these groups.

This boat is worth one million Euros when it's new.And it's the fastest thing on European waters.From 1994, for seven years,20 of these boatsmade the trip across the Adriatic,from Montenegro to Italy, every single night.And as a consequence of this trade,Britain alone lost eight billion dollars in revenue.And instead that money went to underwrite the wars in Yugoslaviaand line the pockets of unscrupulous individuals.

Now Italian police, when this trade started,had just two boats which could go at the same speed.And this is very important, because the only way you can catch these guysis if they run out of gas.Sometimes the gangsters would bring with themwomen being trafficked into prostitution,and if the police intervened, they would hurlthe women into the seaso that the police had to go and save them from drowning,rather than chasing the bad guys.

So I have shown you this to demonstratehow many boats, how many vessels it takesto catch one of these guys.And the answer is six vessels.And remember, 20 of these speed boatswere coming across the Adriaticevery single night.So what were these guys doing with all the money they were making?

Well, this is where we come to globalization,because that was not just the deregulation of global trade.It was the liberalization of international financial markets.And boy, did that make it easyfor the money launderers.The last two decades have been the champagne erafor dirty lucre.

In the 1990s, we saw financial centers around the worldcompeting for their business,and there was simply no effective mechanismto prevent money laundering.And a lot of licit banks were also happyto accept depositsfrom very dubious sourceswithout questions being asked.

But at the heart of this, is the offshore banking network.Now these thingsare an essential part of the money laundering parade,and if you want to do something about illegal tax evasionand transnational organized crime, money laundering,you have to get rid of them.On a positive note, we at last have someone in the White Housewho has consistently spoken outagainst these corrosive entities.

And if anyone is concerned about what I believeis the necessity fornew legislation, regulation, effective regulation,I say, let's take a look at Bernie Madoff,who is now going to be spending the rest of his life in jail.Bernie Madoff stole 65 billion dollars.That puts him up there on the Olympus of gangsterswith the Colombian cartelsand the major Russian crime syndicates,but he did this for decadesin the very heart of Wall Street,and no regulator picked up on it.So how many other Madoffs are there on Wall Streetor in the city of London,fleecing ordinary folkand money laundering?Well I can tell you, it's quite a few of them.

Let me go on to the 101 of international organized crime now.And that is narcotics. Our second marijuana farm photograph for the morning.This one, however, is in central British Columbiawhere I photographed it.It's one of the tens of thousandsof mom-and-pop grow-ops in B.C.which ensure that over five percentof the province's GDP is accounted for by this trade.

Now, I was taken by inspector Brian Cantera,of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police,to a cavernous warehouse east of Vancouverto see some of the goods which are regularly confiscatedby the RCMPfrom the smugglers who are sending it,of course, down south to the United Stateswhere there is an insatiable marketfor B.C. Bud, as it's called,in part because it's marketed as organic,which of course goes down very well in California.(Laughter)(Applause)

Now, even by the police's admission,this makes not a dent in the profits, really,of the major exporters.Since the beginning of globalization,the global narcotics market has expanded enormously.There has, however, been no concomitant increasein the resources availableto police forces.

This, however, may all be about to change,because something very strange is going on.The United Nations recognizedearlier this -- it was last month actually --that Canada has become a key area of distribution and productionof ecstasy and other synthetic drugs.

Interestingly, the market shareof heroin and cocaine is going down,because the pills are getting ever better at reproducing their highs.Now that is a game changer,because it shifts production away from the developing worldand into the Western world.When that happens, it is a trendwhich is set to overwhelm our policing capacity in the West.The drugs policy which we've had in place for 40 yearsis long overdue for a very serious rethink,in my opinion.

Now, the recession.Well, organized crime has already adaptedvery well to the recession.Not surprising, the most opportunistic industryin the whole world.And it has no rules to its regulatory system.Except, of course, it has two business risks:arrest by law enforcement,which is, frankly, the least of their worries,and competition from other groups,i.e. a bullet in the back of the head.

What they've done is they've shifted their operations.People don't smoke as much dope, or visit prostitutes quite so frequentlyduring a recession.And so instead, they have invaded financialand corporate crime in a big way,but above all, two sectors,and that is counterfeit goodsand cybercrime.And it's been terribly successful.I would like to introduce you to Mr. Pringle.Or perhaps I should say, more accurately, Señor Pringle.

I was introduced to this bit of kit by a Brazilian cybercriminal.We sat in a car on the Avenue Paulistain São Paulo, together.Hooked it up to my laptop,and within about five minutes he had penetratedthe computer security systemof a major Brazilian bank.It's really not that difficult.And it's actually much easier becausethe fascinating thing about cybercrimeis that it's not so much the technology.

The key to cybercrime is what we call social engineering.Or to use the technical term for it,there's one born every minute.You would not believe how easy it isto persuade people to do things with their computerswhich are objectively not in their interest.And it was very soonwhen the cybercriminals learned that the quickest way to do this,of course, the quickest way to a person's walletis through the promise of sex and love.

I expect some of you remember the ILOVEYOU virus,one of the very great worldwide viruses that came.I was very fortunate when the ILOVEYOU virus came out,because the first person I received it fromwas an ex-girlfriend of mine.Now, she harbored all sorts of sentiments and emotions towards me at the time,but love was not amongst them.(Laughter)And so as soon as I saw this drop into my inbox,I dispatched it hastily to the recycle binand spared myself a very nasty infection.

So, cybercrime, do watch out for it.One thing that we do know that the Internet is doingis the Internet is assisting these guys.These are mosquitoes who carry the malarial parasitewhich infests our blood when the mosy has had a free mealat our expense.

Now, Artesunate is a very effective drugat destroying the parasite in the early daysof infection.But over the past year or so,researchers in Cambodia have discoveredthat what's happening isthe malarial parasite is developing a resistance.And they fear that the reason why it's developing a resistanceis because Cambodians can't afford the drugs on the commercial market,and so they buy it from the Internet.And these pills contain only low dosesof the active ingredient.Which is whythe parasite is beginning to develop a resistance.

The reason I say thisis because we have to knowthat organized crimeimpacts all sorts of areas of our lives.You don't have to sleep with prostitutesor take drugsin order to have a relationship with organized crime.They affect our bank accounts.They affect our communications, our pension funds.They even affect the food that we eatand our governments.

This is no longer an issueof Sicilians from Palermo and New York.There is no romance involved with gangstersin the 21st Century.This is a mighty industry,and it creates instability and violencewherever it goes.It is a major economic forceand we need to take it very, very seriously.It's been a privilege talking to you.Thank you very much.(Applause)