The following information is used for educational purposes only.
La BBC se pregunta: ¿por qué Argentina sigue invirtiendo en una aerolínea que da pérdidas?
Un informe de la cadena de noticias internacional pone en relieve la situación actual de la aerolínea de bandera
El gobierno de Argentina anunció que reestructurará su línea aérea de bandera, Aerolíneas Argentinas, que en los últimos días debió suspender todos sus vuelos internacionales debido a un conflicto sindical.
El ministro de Planificación Federal, Julio De Vido, -uno de los funcionarios más poderosos de la administración de Cristina Fernández de Kirchner- informó que se priorizarán los vuelos de cabotaje y regionales, y se dejará de volar a los destinos más lejanos que no resultan redituables.
"(Estas medidas) inauguran una nueve etapa en Aerolíneas Argentinas", aseguró De Vido, quien hizo su anuncio junto con los ministros de Trabajo, Turismo, el secretario de Transporte y el presidente de Aerolíneas, Mariano Recalde.
La reciente protesta gremial es la última de una serie de problemas que ha atravesado la aerolínea estatal argentina desde que fue expropiada al grupo español Marsans en diciembre de 2008, por decisión del Congreso.
Desde entonces, las autoridades argentinas siguen enfrentadas con la empresa de capitales españoles, que aún no recibió una indemnización, y que demandó al país por cerca de US$1500 millones.
Pero más allá de este proceso legal, la empresa no ha podido levantar cabeza desde que pasó nuevamente a manos del Estado.
Según cifras oficiales, entre 2008 y 2010 Aerolíneas y su subsidiaria Austral tuvieron un déficit de casi US$ 2.000 millones.
Para este año, Recalde anunció pérdidas de US$387 millones, pero algunos estiman que la cifra real sería más cercana a los US$700 millones.
¿Por qué la mantienen?
Se estima que en 2011 Argentina tendrá un déficit fiscal de US$2785 millones.
Para reducir el gasto, el gobierno anunció la semana última un drástico recorte a los subsidios al gas, la electricidad y el agua potable, que dejarán de beneficiar a los consumidores de mayores ingresos.
Sin embargo, hasta ahora las autoridades se han negado a disminuir la cantidad de dinero que invierten en Aerolíneas Argentinas.
En el presupuesto de 2012 el gobierno prevé una partida de unos US$580 millones para la aerolínea estatal.
¿Por qué sigue manteniendo el Estado a una empresa que pierde tanto dinero?
Según el gobierno, es necesario tener una aerolínea estatal para garantizar que ciertos trayectos que unen al país (uno de los más extensos del mundo) se mantengan, a pesar de no ser comerciales.
"No existe la integración sin la aviación", señaló De Vido, quien dijo que el Estado va a "subsidiar lo que sea necesario" para mantener conectado al país.
"Hay mucho más que rentabilidad en las rutas Buenos Aires-La Rioja o Buenos Aires-Ushuaia", remarcó, a modo de ejemplo.
Política aérea
Sin embargo, la periodista Encarnación Ezcurra, experta en aviación que escribe un blog sobre la industria aeronáutica para el diario LA NACION, dijo a BBC Mundo que no es necesario tener una línea aérea estatal para garantizar la cobertura de rutas poco redituables.
"Ningún país necesita una aerolínea de bandera para mantener una política aérea. Se puede estimular la apertura de estas rutas a través de beneficios impositivos u otras promociones", señaló.
Ezcurra afirmó que a nivel mundial cada vez hay menos aerolíneas exclusivamente estatales, una tendencia que se mantiene.
Para la experta, el gobierno decidió estatizar Aerolíneas Argentinas en 2008 porque si no lo hacía la empresa hubiera cerrado, algo que hubiera tenido un alto costo político.
No obstante, se mostró muy crítica respecto de la gestión que realizó en estos tres años Recalde (un joven militante político considerado cercano a la presidenta).
Menos déficit
En una reciente exposición ante intelectuales afines al gobierno, Recalde defendió su accionar al frente de Aerolíneas, asegurando que había logrado reducir el grave déficit que heredó cuando se expropió la empresa.
Aerolíneas Argentinas no es la única compañía aérea que genera pérdidas. Según la Asociación Internacional de Transporte Aéreo (IATA), la industria de la aviación es una de las que menos ganancias produce, debido a los altos costos del combustible y otros gastos.
"En 2011 el margen de ganancia a nivel mundial fue tan sólo del 1,2%", dijo a BBC Mundo Perry Flint, vocero del organismo.
Más allá de los desafíos que presenta la industria, muchos acusan a Recalde de haber aumentado los gastos de la empresa innecesariamente.
Según la prensa, la compañía sumó 1500 empleados desde que pasó a manos del Estado y aumentó en un 50% su cantidad de pilotos.
En 2009, la aerolínea también clic compró 20 aviones nuevos a la brasileña Embraer, por US$585 millones.
Al año siguiente, la Justicia clic abrió una investigación para determinar si se pagaron sobreprecios durante esa adquisición.
En su anuncio de este lunes, De Vido afirmó que además de revisar la continuidad de sus vuelos internacionales más largos (que representarían el 40% de sus pérdidas) también implementará una serie de recortes a los beneficios de los empleados y buscará hacer más efectiva la administración de la aerolínea..
Fuente: La Nación
In this blog, teachers, students and all those who have some kind of interest in the English language will find useful, interesting, curious and funny things to be used in their classes or for their personal enjoyment.
Tuesday, November 29, 2011
5 alimentos que te alargan la vida
The following information is used for educational purposes only.
5 alimentos que te alargan la vida
Desde tiempos remotos que el ser humano busca el elixir de la eterna juventud y resulta que uno podía sumarse años de vida con estos cinco simples ingredientes.
Sumá unos años de vida con estos cinco simples ingredientes.
Algunos se consiguen en locales de alimentos naturales, otros directamente en el supermercado. Según diversos estudios médicos, con estos cinco alimentos consumidos a diario podrías sumarte hasta cinco años de vida.
1. Yogurt Los países en los que se consumen grandes cantidades de yogurt tienen un alto índice de longevidad, sobre todo porque previene el riesgo de desnutrición en los ancianos y suplementa la dieta con calcio y fósforo.
2. Levadura de cerveza Contiene 17 vitaminas (varias del Grupo B), un 46% de proteínas y casi nada de grasas, por lo que prolonga el correcto funcionamiento del organismo. Además, reduce el colesterol y hasta dicen que vuelve a colorear las canas.
3. Leche descremada Al ser la fuente principal de suministro de calcio, consumirla previene la osteoporosis. La leche descremada tiene menos calorías que la leche entera, pero te aporta el mismo contenido de calcio.
4. Miel Es el mejor de los endulzantes. Se dice que incrementa la longevidad porque rejuvenece el sistema reproductor femenino, combate las impurezas de la sangre, fortalece el corazón y ayuda a soldar los huesos.
5. Gérmen de trigo Media taza de germen de trigo contiene cuatro veces más proteínas que un huevo y es una de la mayores fuentes de producción de vitamina E, complejo vitamínico B y hierro. Su consumo previene la arteriosclerosis.
Fuente: www.planetajoy.com.ar
5 alimentos que te alargan la vida
Desde tiempos remotos que el ser humano busca el elixir de la eterna juventud y resulta que uno podía sumarse años de vida con estos cinco simples ingredientes.
Sumá unos años de vida con estos cinco simples ingredientes.
Algunos se consiguen en locales de alimentos naturales, otros directamente en el supermercado. Según diversos estudios médicos, con estos cinco alimentos consumidos a diario podrías sumarte hasta cinco años de vida.
1. Yogurt Los países en los que se consumen grandes cantidades de yogurt tienen un alto índice de longevidad, sobre todo porque previene el riesgo de desnutrición en los ancianos y suplementa la dieta con calcio y fósforo.
2. Levadura de cerveza Contiene 17 vitaminas (varias del Grupo B), un 46% de proteínas y casi nada de grasas, por lo que prolonga el correcto funcionamiento del organismo. Además, reduce el colesterol y hasta dicen que vuelve a colorear las canas.
3. Leche descremada Al ser la fuente principal de suministro de calcio, consumirla previene la osteoporosis. La leche descremada tiene menos calorías que la leche entera, pero te aporta el mismo contenido de calcio.
4. Miel Es el mejor de los endulzantes. Se dice que incrementa la longevidad porque rejuvenece el sistema reproductor femenino, combate las impurezas de la sangre, fortalece el corazón y ayuda a soldar los huesos.
5. Gérmen de trigo Media taza de germen de trigo contiene cuatro veces más proteínas que un huevo y es una de la mayores fuentes de producción de vitamina E, complejo vitamínico B y hierro. Su consumo previene la arteriosclerosis.
Fuente: www.planetajoy.com.ar
TED Talks-What we Learn before we are born-Video
The following information is used for educational purposes only.
American Airlines, en quiebra
The following information is used for educational purposes only.
American Airlines, en quiebra
Así lo comunicó esta mañana en forma sorpresiva; aclaró la compañía que igual seguirá volando
La emblemática aerolínea estadounidense American Airlines y su matriz AMR pidieron hoy, martes, la protección por bancarrota a una corte, hecho que provocó un desplome de sus acciones.
El fracaso a comienzos de mes en su intento de llegar a acuerdo con los pilotos para reducir sus costos laborales habría llevado a la compañía a tomar la decisión.
En un comunicado AMR informó que presentó la solicitud de quiebra para reorganizar sus operaciones y mejorar su competitividad, y que sus aerolíneas seguirán operando normalmente sus vuelos durante el día.
La petición fue presentada en el Tribunal de Quiebras de EE.UU., para el Distrito Sur de Nueva York, y va acompañada de un cambio en la dirección de AMR y American Airlines, que serán encabezadas por Thomas W.Horton, en reemplazo de Gerard Arpey.
El nuevo presidente de la compañía señaló: "Esta es una decisión difícil, pero es el camino necesario y correcto para convertirnos en una companía eficiente, financieramente más fuerte, y competitiva".
AMR es la tercera mayor aerolínea en Estados Unidos, detrás de United Continental y de Delta Air Lines, con los costos más elevados del sector ya que sigue siendo la única companía de aviación civil que todavía debe financiar las jubilaciones de sus trabajadores.
Sobre el pasivo de la empresa, Horton sostuvo que "la estructura de costos de la compañía, incluido los de la mano de obra, era insostenible, dado el impacto de la incertidumbre económica global y vólatil precio de los combustibles -elevó sus costos en un 40% durante el tercer trimestre respecto del año anterior-".
"La compañía cuenta con una U$S 4,1 millones en efectivo para asegurar un suministro ininterrumpido de productos y servicios", concluyó.
Los fondos se emplearán, de acuerdo a lo expresado en la petición de quiebra, para el pago de salarios, cobertura de salud y vacaciones a sus empleados; para continuar con los programas de viajeros frecuentes; para el pago de contratos de suministro de combustible; y para honrar los acuerdos interlíneas.
Mientras tanto, las acciones de AMR caían hasta un 59% en las negociaciones previas a la apertura del mercado.
Los números de American Airlines
AMR tiene activos por un valor de 24.720 millones de dólares, mientras que sus pasivos ascienden a U$S 29.550 millones.
.La compañía opera en 260 aeropuertos en más de 50 países.
.Por día opera, en promedio, 3300 vuelos.
Fuente: La Nación
American Airlines, en quiebra
Así lo comunicó esta mañana en forma sorpresiva; aclaró la compañía que igual seguirá volando
La emblemática aerolínea estadounidense American Airlines y su matriz AMR pidieron hoy, martes, la protección por bancarrota a una corte, hecho que provocó un desplome de sus acciones.
El fracaso a comienzos de mes en su intento de llegar a acuerdo con los pilotos para reducir sus costos laborales habría llevado a la compañía a tomar la decisión.
En un comunicado AMR informó que presentó la solicitud de quiebra para reorganizar sus operaciones y mejorar su competitividad, y que sus aerolíneas seguirán operando normalmente sus vuelos durante el día.
La petición fue presentada en el Tribunal de Quiebras de EE.UU., para el Distrito Sur de Nueva York, y va acompañada de un cambio en la dirección de AMR y American Airlines, que serán encabezadas por Thomas W.Horton, en reemplazo de Gerard Arpey.
El nuevo presidente de la compañía señaló: "Esta es una decisión difícil, pero es el camino necesario y correcto para convertirnos en una companía eficiente, financieramente más fuerte, y competitiva".
AMR es la tercera mayor aerolínea en Estados Unidos, detrás de United Continental y de Delta Air Lines, con los costos más elevados del sector ya que sigue siendo la única companía de aviación civil que todavía debe financiar las jubilaciones de sus trabajadores.
Sobre el pasivo de la empresa, Horton sostuvo que "la estructura de costos de la compañía, incluido los de la mano de obra, era insostenible, dado el impacto de la incertidumbre económica global y vólatil precio de los combustibles -elevó sus costos en un 40% durante el tercer trimestre respecto del año anterior-".
"La compañía cuenta con una U$S 4,1 millones en efectivo para asegurar un suministro ininterrumpido de productos y servicios", concluyó.
Los fondos se emplearán, de acuerdo a lo expresado en la petición de quiebra, para el pago de salarios, cobertura de salud y vacaciones a sus empleados; para continuar con los programas de viajeros frecuentes; para el pago de contratos de suministro de combustible; y para honrar los acuerdos interlíneas.
Mientras tanto, las acciones de AMR caían hasta un 59% en las negociaciones previas a la apertura del mercado.
Los números de American Airlines
AMR tiene activos por un valor de 24.720 millones de dólares, mientras que sus pasivos ascienden a U$S 29.550 millones.
.La compañía opera en 260 aeropuertos en más de 50 países.
.Por día opera, en promedio, 3300 vuelos.
Fuente: La Nación
The mystery of anaesthesia-New Scientist
The following information is used for educational purposes only.
Banishing consciousness: the mystery of anaesthesia
29 November 2011
by Linda Geddes
(Image: George Doyle/Stockbyte/Getty)
I WALK into the operating theatre feeling vulnerable in a draughty gown and surgical stockings. Two anaesthetists in green scrubs tell me to stash my belongings under the trolley and lie down. "Can we get you something to drink from the bar?" they joke, as one deftly slides a needle into my left hand.
I smile weakly and ask for a gin and tonic. None appears, of course, but I begin to feel light-headed, as if I really had just knocked back a stiff drink. I glance at the clock, which reads 10.10 am, and notice my hand is feeling cold. Then, nothing.
I have had two operations under general anaesthetic this year. On both occasions I awoke with no memory of what had passed between the feeling of mild wooziness and waking up in a different room. Both times I was told that the anaesthetic would make me feel drowsy, I would go to sleep, and when I woke up it would all be over.
What they didn't tell me was how the drugs would send me into the realms of oblivion. They couldn't. The truth is, no one knows.
The development of general anaesthesia has transformed surgery from a horrific ordeal into a gentle slumber. It is one of the commonest medical procedures in the world, yet we still don't know how the drugs work. Perhaps this isn't surprising: we still don't understand consciousness, so how can we comprehend its disappearance?
That is starting to change, however, with the development of new techniques for imaging the brain or recording its electrical activity during anaesthesia. "In the past five years there has been an explosion of studies, both in terms of consciousness, but also how anaesthetics might interrupt consciousness and what they teach us about it," says George Mashour, an anaesthetist at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. "We're at the dawn of a golden era."
Consciousness has long been one of the great mysteries of life, the universe and everything. It is something experienced by every one of us, yet we cannot even agree on how to define it. How does the small sac of jelly that is our brain take raw data about the world and transform it into the wondrous sensation of being alive? Even our increasingly sophisticated technology for peering inside the brain has, disappointingly, failed to reveal a structure that could be the seat of consciousness.
Altered consciousness doesn't only happen under a general anaesthetic of course - it occurs whenever we drop off to sleep, or if we are unlucky enough to be whacked on the head. But anaesthetics do allow neuroscientists to manipulate our consciousness safely, reversibly and with exquisite precision.
It was a Japanese surgeon who performed the first known surgery under anaesthetic, in 1804, using a mixture of potent herbs. In the west, the first operation under general anaesthetic took place at Massachusetts General Hospital in 1846. A flask of sulphuric ether was held close to the patient's face until he fell unconscious.
Since then a slew of chemicals have been co-opted to serve as anaesthetics, some inhaled, like ether, and some injected. The people who gained expertise in administering these agents developed into their own medical specialty. Although long overshadowed by the surgeons who patch you up, the humble "gas man" does just as important a job, holding you in the twilight between life and death.
Consciousness may often be thought of as an all-or-nothing quality - either you're awake or you're not - but as I experienced, there are different levels of anaesthesia (see diagram). "The process of going into and out of general anaesthesia isn't like flipping a light switch," says Mashour. "It's more akin to a dimmer switch."
A typical subject first experiences a state similar to drunkenness, which they may or may not be able to recall later, before falling unconscious, which is usually defined as failing to move in response to commands. As they progress deeper into the twilight zone, they now fail to respond to even the penetration of a scalpel - which is the point of the exercise, after all - and at the deepest levels may need artificial help with breathing.
These days anaesthesia is usually started off with injection of a drug called propofol, which gives a rapid and smooth transition to unconsciousness, as happened with me. (This is also what Michael Jackson was allegedly using as a sleeping aid, with such unfortunate consequences.) Unless the operation is only meant to take a few minutes, an inhaled anaesthetic, such as isoflurane, is then usually added to give better minute-by-minute control of the depth of anaesthesia.
Lock and key
So what do we know about how anaesthetics work? Since they were first discovered, one of the big mysteries has been how the members of such a diverse group of chemicals can all result in the loss of consciousness. Other drugs work by binding to receptor molecules in the body, usually proteins, in a way that relies on the drug and receptor fitting snugly together like a key in a lock. Yet the long list of anaesthetic agents ranges from large complex molecules such as barbiturates or steroids, to the inert gas xenon, which exists as mere atoms. How could they all fit the same lock?
For a long time there was great interest in the fact that the potency of anaesthetics correlates strikingly with how well they dissolve in olive oil. The popular "lipid theory" said that instead of binding to specific protein receptors, the anaesthetic physically disrupted the fatty membranes of nerve cells, causing them to malfunction.
In the 1980s, though, experiments in test tubes showed that anaesthetics could bind to proteins in the absence of cell membranes. Since then, protein receptors have been found for many anaesthetics. Propofol, for instance, binds to receptors on nerve cells that normally respond to a chemical messenger called GABA. Presumably the solubility of anaesthetics in oil affects how easily they reach the receptors bound in the fatty membrane.
But that solves only a small part of the mystery. We still don't know how this binding affects nerve cells, and which neural networks they feed into. "If you look at the brain under both xenon and propofol anaesthesia, there are striking similarities," says Nick Franks of Imperial College London, who overturned the lipid theory in the 1980s. "They must be triggering some common neuronal change and that's the big mystery."
Many anaesthetics are thought to work by making it harder for neurons to fire, but this can have different effects on brain function, depending on which neurons are being blocked. So brain-imaging techniques such as functional MRI scanning, which tracks changes in blood flow to different areas of the brain, are being used to see which regions of the brain are affected by anaesthetics. Such studies have been successful in revealing several areas that are deactivated by most anaesthetics. Unfortunately, so many regions have been implicated it is hard to know which, if any, are the root cause of loss of consciousness.
But is it even realistic to expect to find a discrete site or sites acting as the mind's "light switch"? Not according to a leading theory of consciousness that has gained ground in the past decade, which states that consciousness is a more widely distributed phenomenon. In this "global workspace" theory, incoming sensory information is first processed locally in separate brain regions without us being aware of it. We only become conscious of the experience if these signals are broadcast to a network of neurons spread through the brain, which then start firing in synchrony.
The idea has recently gained support from recordings of the brain's electrical activity using electroencephalograph (EEG) sensors on the scalp, as people are given anaesthesia. This has shown that as consciousness fades there is a loss of synchrony between different areas of the cortex - the outermost layer of the brain important in attention, awareness, thought and memory (Science, vol 322, p 876).
This process has also been visualised using fMRI scans. Steven Laureys, who leads the Coma Science Group at the University of Liège in Wallonia, Belgium, looked at what happens during propofol anaesthesia when patients descend from wakefulness, through mild sedation, to the point at which they fail to respond to commands. He found that while small "islands" of the cortex lit up in response to external stimuli when people were unconscious, there was no spread of activity to other areas, as there was during wakefulness or mild sedation (Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience, vol 4, p 160).
A team led by Andreas Engel at the University Medical Center in Hamburg, Germany, have been investigating this process in still more detail by watching the transition to unconsciousness in slow motion. Normally it takes about 10 seconds to fall asleep after a propofol injection. Engel has slowed it down to many minutes by starting with just a small dose, then increasing it in seven stages. At each stage he gives a mild electric shock to the volunteer's wrist and takes EEG readings.
We know that upon entering the brain, sensory stimuli first activate a region called the primary sensory cortex, which runs like a headband from ear to ear. Then further networks are activated, including frontal regions involved in controlling behaviour, and temporal regions towards the base of the brain that are important for memory storage.
Engel found that at the deepest levels of anaesthesia, the primary sensory cortex was the only region to respond to the electric shock. "Long-distance communication seems to be blocked, so the brain cannot build the global workspace," says Engel, who presented the work at last year's Society for Neuroscience meeting in San Diego. "It's like the message is reaching the mailbox, but no one is picking it up."
What could be causing the blockage? Engel has unpublished EEG data suggesting that propofol interferes with communication between the primary sensory cortex and other brain regions by causing abnormally strong synchrony between them. "It's not just shutting things down. The communication has changed," he says. "If too many neurons fire in a strongly synchronised rhythm, there is no room for exchange of specific messages."
The communication between the different regions of the cortex is not just one way; there is both forward and backward signalling between the different areas. EEG studies on anaesthetised animals suggest it is the backwards signal between these areas that is lost when they are knocked out.
Last month, Mashour's group published EEG work showing this to be important in people too. Both propofol and the inhaled anaesthetic sevoflurane inhibited the transmission of feedback signals from the frontal cortex in anaesthetised surgical patients. The backwards signals recovered at the same time as consciousness returned (PLoS One, DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0025155). "The hypothesis is whether the preferential inhibition of feedback connectivity is what initially makes us unconscious," he says.
Similar findings are coming in from studies of people in a coma or persistent vegetative state (PVS), who may open their eyes in a sleep-wake cycle, although remain unresponsive. Laureys, for example, has seen a similar breakdown in communication between different cortical areas in people in a coma. "Anaesthesia is a pharmacologically induced coma," he says. "That same breakdown in global neuronal workspace is occurring."
Many believe that studying anaesthesia will shed light on disorders of consciousness such as coma. "Anaesthesia studies are probably the best tools we have for understanding consciousness in health and disease," says Adrian Owen of the University of Western Ontario in London, Canada.
Owen and others have previously shown that people in a PVS respond to speech with electrical activity in their brain. More recently he did the same experiment in people progressively anaesthetised with propofol. Even when heavily sedated, their brains responded to speech. But closer inspection revealed that those parts of the brain that decode the meaning of speech had indeed switched off, prompting a rethink of what was happening in people with PVS (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol 104, p 16032). "For years we had been looking at vegetative and coma patients whose brains were responding to speech and getting terribly seduced by these images, thinking that they were conscious," says Owen. "This told us that they are not conscious."
As for my own journey back from the void, the first I remember is a different clock telling me that it is 10.45 am. Thirty-five minutes have elapsed since my last memory - time that I can't remember, and probably never will.
"Welcome back," says a nurse sitting by my bed. I drift in and out of awareness for a further undefined period, then another nurse wheels me back to the ward, and offers me a cup of tea. As the shroud of darkness begins to lift, I contemplate what has just happened. While I have been asleep, a team of people have rolled me over, cut me open, and rummaged about inside my body - and I don't remember any of it. For a brief period of time "I" had simply ceased to be.
My experience leaves me with a renewed sense of awe for what anaesthetists do as a matter of routine. Without really understanding how, they guide hundreds of millions of people a year as close to the brink of nothingness as it is possible to go without dying. Then they bring them safely back home again.
Linda Geddes is a reporter at New Scientist
Banishing consciousness: the mystery of anaesthesia
29 November 2011
by Linda Geddes
(Image: George Doyle/Stockbyte/Getty)
I WALK into the operating theatre feeling vulnerable in a draughty gown and surgical stockings. Two anaesthetists in green scrubs tell me to stash my belongings under the trolley and lie down. "Can we get you something to drink from the bar?" they joke, as one deftly slides a needle into my left hand.
I smile weakly and ask for a gin and tonic. None appears, of course, but I begin to feel light-headed, as if I really had just knocked back a stiff drink. I glance at the clock, which reads 10.10 am, and notice my hand is feeling cold. Then, nothing.
I have had two operations under general anaesthetic this year. On both occasions I awoke with no memory of what had passed between the feeling of mild wooziness and waking up in a different room. Both times I was told that the anaesthetic would make me feel drowsy, I would go to sleep, and when I woke up it would all be over.
What they didn't tell me was how the drugs would send me into the realms of oblivion. They couldn't. The truth is, no one knows.
The development of general anaesthesia has transformed surgery from a horrific ordeal into a gentle slumber. It is one of the commonest medical procedures in the world, yet we still don't know how the drugs work. Perhaps this isn't surprising: we still don't understand consciousness, so how can we comprehend its disappearance?
That is starting to change, however, with the development of new techniques for imaging the brain or recording its electrical activity during anaesthesia. "In the past five years there has been an explosion of studies, both in terms of consciousness, but also how anaesthetics might interrupt consciousness and what they teach us about it," says George Mashour, an anaesthetist at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. "We're at the dawn of a golden era."
Consciousness has long been one of the great mysteries of life, the universe and everything. It is something experienced by every one of us, yet we cannot even agree on how to define it. How does the small sac of jelly that is our brain take raw data about the world and transform it into the wondrous sensation of being alive? Even our increasingly sophisticated technology for peering inside the brain has, disappointingly, failed to reveal a structure that could be the seat of consciousness.
Altered consciousness doesn't only happen under a general anaesthetic of course - it occurs whenever we drop off to sleep, or if we are unlucky enough to be whacked on the head. But anaesthetics do allow neuroscientists to manipulate our consciousness safely, reversibly and with exquisite precision.
It was a Japanese surgeon who performed the first known surgery under anaesthetic, in 1804, using a mixture of potent herbs. In the west, the first operation under general anaesthetic took place at Massachusetts General Hospital in 1846. A flask of sulphuric ether was held close to the patient's face until he fell unconscious.
Since then a slew of chemicals have been co-opted to serve as anaesthetics, some inhaled, like ether, and some injected. The people who gained expertise in administering these agents developed into their own medical specialty. Although long overshadowed by the surgeons who patch you up, the humble "gas man" does just as important a job, holding you in the twilight between life and death.
Consciousness may often be thought of as an all-or-nothing quality - either you're awake or you're not - but as I experienced, there are different levels of anaesthesia (see diagram). "The process of going into and out of general anaesthesia isn't like flipping a light switch," says Mashour. "It's more akin to a dimmer switch."
A typical subject first experiences a state similar to drunkenness, which they may or may not be able to recall later, before falling unconscious, which is usually defined as failing to move in response to commands. As they progress deeper into the twilight zone, they now fail to respond to even the penetration of a scalpel - which is the point of the exercise, after all - and at the deepest levels may need artificial help with breathing.
These days anaesthesia is usually started off with injection of a drug called propofol, which gives a rapid and smooth transition to unconsciousness, as happened with me. (This is also what Michael Jackson was allegedly using as a sleeping aid, with such unfortunate consequences.) Unless the operation is only meant to take a few minutes, an inhaled anaesthetic, such as isoflurane, is then usually added to give better minute-by-minute control of the depth of anaesthesia.
Lock and key
So what do we know about how anaesthetics work? Since they were first discovered, one of the big mysteries has been how the members of such a diverse group of chemicals can all result in the loss of consciousness. Other drugs work by binding to receptor molecules in the body, usually proteins, in a way that relies on the drug and receptor fitting snugly together like a key in a lock. Yet the long list of anaesthetic agents ranges from large complex molecules such as barbiturates or steroids, to the inert gas xenon, which exists as mere atoms. How could they all fit the same lock?
For a long time there was great interest in the fact that the potency of anaesthetics correlates strikingly with how well they dissolve in olive oil. The popular "lipid theory" said that instead of binding to specific protein receptors, the anaesthetic physically disrupted the fatty membranes of nerve cells, causing them to malfunction.
In the 1980s, though, experiments in test tubes showed that anaesthetics could bind to proteins in the absence of cell membranes. Since then, protein receptors have been found for many anaesthetics. Propofol, for instance, binds to receptors on nerve cells that normally respond to a chemical messenger called GABA. Presumably the solubility of anaesthetics in oil affects how easily they reach the receptors bound in the fatty membrane.
But that solves only a small part of the mystery. We still don't know how this binding affects nerve cells, and which neural networks they feed into. "If you look at the brain under both xenon and propofol anaesthesia, there are striking similarities," says Nick Franks of Imperial College London, who overturned the lipid theory in the 1980s. "They must be triggering some common neuronal change and that's the big mystery."
Many anaesthetics are thought to work by making it harder for neurons to fire, but this can have different effects on brain function, depending on which neurons are being blocked. So brain-imaging techniques such as functional MRI scanning, which tracks changes in blood flow to different areas of the brain, are being used to see which regions of the brain are affected by anaesthetics. Such studies have been successful in revealing several areas that are deactivated by most anaesthetics. Unfortunately, so many regions have been implicated it is hard to know which, if any, are the root cause of loss of consciousness.
But is it even realistic to expect to find a discrete site or sites acting as the mind's "light switch"? Not according to a leading theory of consciousness that has gained ground in the past decade, which states that consciousness is a more widely distributed phenomenon. In this "global workspace" theory, incoming sensory information is first processed locally in separate brain regions without us being aware of it. We only become conscious of the experience if these signals are broadcast to a network of neurons spread through the brain, which then start firing in synchrony.
The idea has recently gained support from recordings of the brain's electrical activity using electroencephalograph (EEG) sensors on the scalp, as people are given anaesthesia. This has shown that as consciousness fades there is a loss of synchrony between different areas of the cortex - the outermost layer of the brain important in attention, awareness, thought and memory (Science, vol 322, p 876).
This process has also been visualised using fMRI scans. Steven Laureys, who leads the Coma Science Group at the University of Liège in Wallonia, Belgium, looked at what happens during propofol anaesthesia when patients descend from wakefulness, through mild sedation, to the point at which they fail to respond to commands. He found that while small "islands" of the cortex lit up in response to external stimuli when people were unconscious, there was no spread of activity to other areas, as there was during wakefulness or mild sedation (Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience, vol 4, p 160).
A team led by Andreas Engel at the University Medical Center in Hamburg, Germany, have been investigating this process in still more detail by watching the transition to unconsciousness in slow motion. Normally it takes about 10 seconds to fall asleep after a propofol injection. Engel has slowed it down to many minutes by starting with just a small dose, then increasing it in seven stages. At each stage he gives a mild electric shock to the volunteer's wrist and takes EEG readings.
We know that upon entering the brain, sensory stimuli first activate a region called the primary sensory cortex, which runs like a headband from ear to ear. Then further networks are activated, including frontal regions involved in controlling behaviour, and temporal regions towards the base of the brain that are important for memory storage.
Engel found that at the deepest levels of anaesthesia, the primary sensory cortex was the only region to respond to the electric shock. "Long-distance communication seems to be blocked, so the brain cannot build the global workspace," says Engel, who presented the work at last year's Society for Neuroscience meeting in San Diego. "It's like the message is reaching the mailbox, but no one is picking it up."
What could be causing the blockage? Engel has unpublished EEG data suggesting that propofol interferes with communication between the primary sensory cortex and other brain regions by causing abnormally strong synchrony between them. "It's not just shutting things down. The communication has changed," he says. "If too many neurons fire in a strongly synchronised rhythm, there is no room for exchange of specific messages."
The communication between the different regions of the cortex is not just one way; there is both forward and backward signalling between the different areas. EEG studies on anaesthetised animals suggest it is the backwards signal between these areas that is lost when they are knocked out.
Last month, Mashour's group published EEG work showing this to be important in people too. Both propofol and the inhaled anaesthetic sevoflurane inhibited the transmission of feedback signals from the frontal cortex in anaesthetised surgical patients. The backwards signals recovered at the same time as consciousness returned (PLoS One, DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0025155). "The hypothesis is whether the preferential inhibition of feedback connectivity is what initially makes us unconscious," he says.
Similar findings are coming in from studies of people in a coma or persistent vegetative state (PVS), who may open their eyes in a sleep-wake cycle, although remain unresponsive. Laureys, for example, has seen a similar breakdown in communication between different cortical areas in people in a coma. "Anaesthesia is a pharmacologically induced coma," he says. "That same breakdown in global neuronal workspace is occurring."
Many believe that studying anaesthesia will shed light on disorders of consciousness such as coma. "Anaesthesia studies are probably the best tools we have for understanding consciousness in health and disease," says Adrian Owen of the University of Western Ontario in London, Canada.
Owen and others have previously shown that people in a PVS respond to speech with electrical activity in their brain. More recently he did the same experiment in people progressively anaesthetised with propofol. Even when heavily sedated, their brains responded to speech. But closer inspection revealed that those parts of the brain that decode the meaning of speech had indeed switched off, prompting a rethink of what was happening in people with PVS (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol 104, p 16032). "For years we had been looking at vegetative and coma patients whose brains were responding to speech and getting terribly seduced by these images, thinking that they were conscious," says Owen. "This told us that they are not conscious."
As for my own journey back from the void, the first I remember is a different clock telling me that it is 10.45 am. Thirty-five minutes have elapsed since my last memory - time that I can't remember, and probably never will.
"Welcome back," says a nurse sitting by my bed. I drift in and out of awareness for a further undefined period, then another nurse wheels me back to the ward, and offers me a cup of tea. As the shroud of darkness begins to lift, I contemplate what has just happened. While I have been asleep, a team of people have rolled me over, cut me open, and rummaged about inside my body - and I don't remember any of it. For a brief period of time "I" had simply ceased to be.
My experience leaves me with a renewed sense of awe for what anaesthetists do as a matter of routine. Without really understanding how, they guide hundreds of millions of people a year as close to the brink of nothingness as it is possible to go without dying. Then they bring them safely back home again.
Linda Geddes is a reporter at New Scientist
Google apuesta a la nube para seducir a las empresas
The following information is used for educational purposes only.
Google apuesta a la nube para seducir a las empresas
Es a través de sus aplicaciones de uso cotidiano por los usuarios pero a nivel corporativo; la Chromebook, como herramienta de trabajo unificadora
Por José Di Bártolo | LA NACION
SAN FRANCISCO.- "El cambio es constante, por eso no hay que temer a lo nuevo". Con esas palabras, Vint Cerf , vicepresidente de Google y una de las voces más autorizadas para hablar sobre Internet, le explicó a más 350 CEO´s de todo el mundo que Internet está en constante innovación y transformación.
¿Y a qué se refería Cerf con el cambio? Básicamente a la necesidad de adaptarse a las nuevas tecnologías que colaboran y enriquecen el trabajo corporativo y empresarial. Ese fue el eje de la reciente conferencia " Google Atmosphere 2011 " realizada en el anfiteatro principal de la empresa estadounidense, donde se explicó de qué manera la nube (" cloud ", como se conoce la palabra en inglés) revolucionó el concepto de productividad.
Es simple: ¿por qué almacenar todos nuestros archivos en un sólo lugar si se puede hacer en miles y acceder a ellos desde cualquier parte del mundo? La nube es un concepto que a nivel usuario es utilizado diariamente: subir fotos en un álbum de Picasa, un video en YouTube o trabajar en un documento de forma online, son algunos de los ejemplos que se lleva a cabo cotidianamente. Pero, ¿qué pasa cuando se quiere realizar el mismo proceso a nivel empresarial? Ahí es cuando comienzan las dudas y preguntas de los que llevan adelante las empresas de cualquier rubro.
5 preguntas y respuestas sobre la nube
1- ¿De qué hablamos cuando hacemos referencia a " cloud computing "? Básicamente a trabajar de forma virtual sin depender de ningún tipo de infraestructura o servidores para interactuar con Internet. Archivos de texto, planillas de cálculo, fotos, videos, todo lo que se necesita para llevar adelante una labor, almacenada de forma virtual, en la Web.
2- ¿Cuáles son los principales ejes? Al menos Google lo presenta como una plataforma móvil y social. Esto es que no solo está disponible para trabajar en un notebook o PC de escritorio, sino también a través de las aplicaciones de un celular. Y a la vez, recientemente se añadió la función social a través de Google +, donde se apunta a las virtudes de la red social de la empresa norteamericana para que el contenido y la información que se maneja pueda compartirse con una idea distinta.
3- ¿Cuál es el beneficio de utilizar la nube? Entre los más relevantes se pueden mencionar al ahorro en infraestructura y en inversión. Lo primero es obvio: al trabajar con los archivos de forma virtual no se requieren servidores y lugares especiales montados por una empresa para mantener los mismos. El segundo viene en correlato con lo explicado recientemente: las empresas ahorran dinero ya que no deben mantener los servidores ni pagar cifras elevadas por las licencias de uso de cada usuario.
4- ¿Existen problemas de seguridad? Es una de las inquietudes más comunes de las empresas que se suman a la nube. Jorge Mieres, analista de Mal-ware de Kaspersky Lab, explicó recientemente a LA NACION que "las medidas de seguridad siempre se deben adoptar en el nivel más alto posible para minimizar las posibilidades de éxito de un ataque. Para lograrlo, es necesario estudiar en profundidad las capacidades de seguridad que ofrece el proveedor en cada una de sus capas en función del modelo de cloud computing empleado".
5- ¿Se pueden perder los datos que allí se almacenan? Una de las ventajas de trabajar con la nube radica en que la información que está almacenada de forma virtual no está en un sólo lugar, sino que está fragmentada en los diferentes servidores que tiene la empresa prestataria del servicio en el mundo. Por lo que, si uno de los lugares donde esta la información en ese momento falla, automáticamente se obtienen los datos solicitados de los otros.
Empresas que se animaron al cambio
Cambiar en Internet, como decía Cerf, requiere de una decisión de los directivos de la empresa que consideren que la transformación será positiva. No siempre la vanguardia es bien recibida por los consejos directivos que prefieren mantener tradicionales esquemas antes de innovar en nuevos procesos.
Gustavo Aguirre, es CIO de OSDE, y estuvo presente en "Google Atmosphere 2011". La empresa prestataria de servicios de salud en el país recientemente migró 6.500 usuarios a la nube. "Hay que asumir riesgos", le dijo a LA NACION al tiempo que señaló: "En nuestro caso el cambio de mentalidad que propusimos con trasladarnos a la nube también fue empujado por la gente de la empresa que nos pedía formar parte del proceso de innovación".
"El eje central de lo que ven las empresas de la nube es la productividad del equipo: se puede trabajar todo el tiempo que se desee desde cualquier lugar", aseguró un directivo de Google a este medio. "Para nosotros significa mayor colaboración en todas las áreas. El límite no es de las personas, sino de la tecnología", acotó Aguirre.
Chromebooks: otra manera de concebir una laptop
Una de las herramientas más consultadas y testeadas durante la conferencia fueron las Chromebooks, las laptop que Google diseño especialmente para trabajar con Internet. Lo diferente de las notebooks que se conocen es que este aparato tiene se prende y en instantes se encuentra, siempre que exista una conexión, en la Web.
Para Rajen Sheth, director de producto de Google en el área de las Chromebooks, estas herramientas que fueron presentadas a mitad de 2011 son una verdad revolución. "Aquí esta todo lo necesario para trabajar en la nube. Están diseñadas para trabajar alrededor de los navegadores de Internet", explicó.
Sheth puso en relieve la importancia de algunas de las bondades de las Chromebooks: la duración de la batería que puede llegar a las 10 horas, la multiplicidad de aplicaciones que se pueden descargar y la rapidez de conexión a la Web, entre otras.
Fuente: La Nación
Google apuesta a la nube para seducir a las empresas
Es a través de sus aplicaciones de uso cotidiano por los usuarios pero a nivel corporativo; la Chromebook, como herramienta de trabajo unificadora
Por José Di Bártolo | LA NACION
SAN FRANCISCO.- "El cambio es constante, por eso no hay que temer a lo nuevo". Con esas palabras, Vint Cerf , vicepresidente de Google y una de las voces más autorizadas para hablar sobre Internet, le explicó a más 350 CEO´s de todo el mundo que Internet está en constante innovación y transformación.
¿Y a qué se refería Cerf con el cambio? Básicamente a la necesidad de adaptarse a las nuevas tecnologías que colaboran y enriquecen el trabajo corporativo y empresarial. Ese fue el eje de la reciente conferencia " Google Atmosphere 2011 " realizada en el anfiteatro principal de la empresa estadounidense, donde se explicó de qué manera la nube (" cloud ", como se conoce la palabra en inglés) revolucionó el concepto de productividad.
Es simple: ¿por qué almacenar todos nuestros archivos en un sólo lugar si se puede hacer en miles y acceder a ellos desde cualquier parte del mundo? La nube es un concepto que a nivel usuario es utilizado diariamente: subir fotos en un álbum de Picasa, un video en YouTube o trabajar en un documento de forma online, son algunos de los ejemplos que se lleva a cabo cotidianamente. Pero, ¿qué pasa cuando se quiere realizar el mismo proceso a nivel empresarial? Ahí es cuando comienzan las dudas y preguntas de los que llevan adelante las empresas de cualquier rubro.
5 preguntas y respuestas sobre la nube
1- ¿De qué hablamos cuando hacemos referencia a " cloud computing "? Básicamente a trabajar de forma virtual sin depender de ningún tipo de infraestructura o servidores para interactuar con Internet. Archivos de texto, planillas de cálculo, fotos, videos, todo lo que se necesita para llevar adelante una labor, almacenada de forma virtual, en la Web.
2- ¿Cuáles son los principales ejes? Al menos Google lo presenta como una plataforma móvil y social. Esto es que no solo está disponible para trabajar en un notebook o PC de escritorio, sino también a través de las aplicaciones de un celular. Y a la vez, recientemente se añadió la función social a través de Google +, donde se apunta a las virtudes de la red social de la empresa norteamericana para que el contenido y la información que se maneja pueda compartirse con una idea distinta.
3- ¿Cuál es el beneficio de utilizar la nube? Entre los más relevantes se pueden mencionar al ahorro en infraestructura y en inversión. Lo primero es obvio: al trabajar con los archivos de forma virtual no se requieren servidores y lugares especiales montados por una empresa para mantener los mismos. El segundo viene en correlato con lo explicado recientemente: las empresas ahorran dinero ya que no deben mantener los servidores ni pagar cifras elevadas por las licencias de uso de cada usuario.
4- ¿Existen problemas de seguridad? Es una de las inquietudes más comunes de las empresas que se suman a la nube. Jorge Mieres, analista de Mal-ware de Kaspersky Lab, explicó recientemente a LA NACION que "las medidas de seguridad siempre se deben adoptar en el nivel más alto posible para minimizar las posibilidades de éxito de un ataque. Para lograrlo, es necesario estudiar en profundidad las capacidades de seguridad que ofrece el proveedor en cada una de sus capas en función del modelo de cloud computing empleado".
5- ¿Se pueden perder los datos que allí se almacenan? Una de las ventajas de trabajar con la nube radica en que la información que está almacenada de forma virtual no está en un sólo lugar, sino que está fragmentada en los diferentes servidores que tiene la empresa prestataria del servicio en el mundo. Por lo que, si uno de los lugares donde esta la información en ese momento falla, automáticamente se obtienen los datos solicitados de los otros.
Empresas que se animaron al cambio
Cambiar en Internet, como decía Cerf, requiere de una decisión de los directivos de la empresa que consideren que la transformación será positiva. No siempre la vanguardia es bien recibida por los consejos directivos que prefieren mantener tradicionales esquemas antes de innovar en nuevos procesos.
Gustavo Aguirre, es CIO de OSDE, y estuvo presente en "Google Atmosphere 2011". La empresa prestataria de servicios de salud en el país recientemente migró 6.500 usuarios a la nube. "Hay que asumir riesgos", le dijo a LA NACION al tiempo que señaló: "En nuestro caso el cambio de mentalidad que propusimos con trasladarnos a la nube también fue empujado por la gente de la empresa que nos pedía formar parte del proceso de innovación".
"El eje central de lo que ven las empresas de la nube es la productividad del equipo: se puede trabajar todo el tiempo que se desee desde cualquier lugar", aseguró un directivo de Google a este medio. "Para nosotros significa mayor colaboración en todas las áreas. El límite no es de las personas, sino de la tecnología", acotó Aguirre.
Chromebooks: otra manera de concebir una laptop
Una de las herramientas más consultadas y testeadas durante la conferencia fueron las Chromebooks, las laptop que Google diseño especialmente para trabajar con Internet. Lo diferente de las notebooks que se conocen es que este aparato tiene se prende y en instantes se encuentra, siempre que exista una conexión, en la Web.
Para Rajen Sheth, director de producto de Google en el área de las Chromebooks, estas herramientas que fueron presentadas a mitad de 2011 son una verdad revolución. "Aquí esta todo lo necesario para trabajar en la nube. Están diseñadas para trabajar alrededor de los navegadores de Internet", explicó.
Sheth puso en relieve la importancia de algunas de las bondades de las Chromebooks: la duración de la batería que puede llegar a las 10 horas, la multiplicidad de aplicaciones que se pueden descargar y la rapidez de conexión a la Web, entre otras.
Fuente: La Nación
Monday, November 28, 2011
Finding the right place to start change-McKinsey Quarterly
The following information is used for educational purposes only.
Finding the right place to start change
When implementing an organization-wide transformation, focus your efforts on the most connected employees to help generate momentum and accelerate impact.
NOVEMBER 2011 • Marco Gardini, Giovanni Giuliani, and Marco Marricchi
Source: Organization Practice
Changing an entire large organization is never easy; only about a third of all such transformations succeed. One problem many organizations run into as they implement a change program is faltering momentum because employees just don’t change the way they work. Sometimes they don’t want to, and sometimes the reason is a poorly structured plan that makes change harder. Our recent experience at a European retail bank shows the benefits of starting to implement change by focusing on the employees who have the most influence over the daily work that needs to change. This approach can ensure that a successful transformation happens faster and that employees remain engaged in the long term.
That’s what eventually happened at a national bank, which had more than 6,000 branches and was facing increasing competition from local banks that were perceived as more attuned to local-customer needs. In an attempt to close the gap, the bank developed a new organizational model that was designed to remove layers of centralization and supervision and give branch managers much more authority to tailor bank offerings, marketing, and other promotions to local interests. The bank’s top managers rapidly communicated to the whole staff the principles behind the new organizational model and the model itself, including how roles, such as those of branch managers and their supervisors, were supposed to change. The top managers did this through a series of road shows, along with other traditional methods, such as memos, articles on the bank’s intranet, and a stand-alone publication that featured all the new organizational charts. Everyone received the same information, and everyone was expected to adopt the new model at the same time.
When the top managers assessed progress a few months later, they realized that most employees simply hadn’t changed how they worked. For example, the new structure simplified how credit decisions were made: branch managers were supposed to send their recommendations directly to the final decision maker (one of a series of committees with the autonomy to authorize different levels of credit) instead of through several intermediate intervening layers (as many as five, depending on risk). But the managers, afraid of making mistakes or annoying colleagues in the intervening layers, were still using the old structure. What’s more, the regional-level supervisors of the branch managers now weren’t supposed to tell branch managers what to do—instead they were to act solely as coaches, but neither the supervisors nor the managers had made this change successfully. Many supervisors didn’t have the skills they needed to coach, and many branch managers similarly didn’t have the skills they needed, such as time planning and communications, to run things on their own.
The bank’s leaders realized that they didn’t have the right model for delivering a transformation: they were seeking to change too much at once instead of scaling up after seeing how the new methods worked in practice.1 Knowing the bank needed a different approach to reach its goal of greater local autonomy, it decided to shift focus to the employees who could facilitate change the fastest.2
Starting change in the middle
Who were those people? The bank’s leaders looked at three criteria:
•Which roles have a direct, substantial impact on the desired business results?
•Which roles are connected with a large number of different subgroups in the organization?
•Which roles can decide how people get the relevant things done?
Our experience with a range of organizations shows that it can be tricky to identify the right pivotal role for a given change program. For instance, you might think that regional managers or branch supervisors would have been the logical choice for the bank, but they weren’t, because they didn’t have a direct impact on daily activities in the branches. That meant they couldn’t affect results directly and arguably lacked the credibility they needed with frontline employees to drive change.
In other industries, the pivotal role can vary widely: in power generation plants, for example, maintenance supervisors are the people to focus on, while in retail sales of petroleum products, it’s the service station manager, and in retail apparel, the store manager. And these aren’t always the seemingly logical choices: in retail apparel, for instance, you might think of sales clerks as pivotal because they have direct interactions with customers and influence sales. But sales clerks typically don’t influence other employees and don’t interact with their companies outside their own shops.
The European bank found that its branch managers were the people to focus on because they had the right combination of managerial impact and local control to meet the program’s goals. So senior executives decided to revamp their top-down rollout process and to reorganize their plan for managing change—communications, timing, and capability-building efforts—so that it focused on the 6,000 branch managers. The bank later restructured those activities for all the other roles, so that employees could understand what was being asked of them in light of the changes the branch managers were making. In this way, the bank could still reach out to 2,000 more senior managers and 30,000 more branch employees but from a point with greater leverage.
For example, instead of creating a single program designed to change employees’ mind-sets and behavior in order to make them more customer focused, the bank developed upward of 20 programs, each focused on the specific needs of a different role. For branch managers, the training process began with sessions that explained exactly how the new organizational model would affect them. Then they discussed the overall commercial skills they would need, such as how to determine which products or services mattered most to their local customers; credit and asset-management capabilities; core principles of quality and customer satisfaction; and practices such as managing people, communications, and handling conflicts to make sure they’d be able to put the new approach to work. The bank also created an online community where branch managers could discuss common issues related to these changes.
Not until branch managers were able and ready to change (six months later) did the bank focus on encouraging their employees and supervisors to change as well. The content of the programs was specifically tailored to address the particular needs or priorities of different roles (for example, the regional-level supervisors were taught collaborative leadership and commercial planning). Similar alterations were made at all stages of the change program.
This approach created a substantial risk for the bank. The leaders were asking branch managers to make fundamental changes in how they worked, by adding a new focus on customers and self-management—and all this in an environment where others weren’t embracing a new way of working. The branch managers were concerned that their colleagues would continue to avoid change or perhaps become even more hostile as they were forced to accept it. The bank addressed this issue by including in its revamped change program a focus on building individuals’ self-esteem and their trust in the company. It did so by discussing with them their careers and their connections to the bank, by providing coaching about their development, and by helping them understand how branch managers had gained responsibility and autonomy as a result of the reorganization. The latter, particularly, had a very positive impact on the managers’ perception of the overall change initiative.
Eighteen months later, relationship managers (branch managers’ lieutenants and the employees with the closest direct relationships with customers) were able to spend 30 percent more time with customers because of the newly streamlined process, which in turn improved the bank’s sales effectiveness, increasing the number of products sold per branch by 15 percent. The time spent making credit decisions fell by 25 percent. Customer responsiveness to marketing campaigns more than doubled. And a national survey showed a 20 percent improvement in customer satisfaction at the branch level. The bank has gained some longer-term benefits as well: it now has a number of people it can rely on to lead change at any point in the organization; creating autonomous networks among employees has fostered knowledge sharing and encouraged mutual support; and the change program ultimately has made the bank more receptive to ideas from the front lines.
What other organizations can learn
The experiences of this bank and other organizations lead to two lessons that any organization can use to help implement change successfully:
•Change the pivotal people first. Identifying what your change program’s pivotal role is and making sure that the people in it have both the tools and the willingness to change is often essential to ensuring that the rest of the organization changes. In this case, the branch managers were at the center of the revenue stream that the bank wanted to improve; once they had the right skills and attitude, they drove change quickly. Without this step, even the best organizational model will fail.
•Build a comprehensive program. You must also ensure that the goals of the change program are clear and meaningful and that the links between the people in the pivotal roles and the changes the rest of the organization must make are addressed clearly and comprehensively. Otherwise, the initial positive momentum won’t last—no one can create meaningful change in a vacuum.
About the Authors
Marco Gardini and Marco Marricchi are consultants in McKinsey’s Rome office; Giovanni Giuliani is a principal in the Milan office.
The authors wish to acknowledge Walter Lironi for his contribution to this article.
Notes
1 For a full look at what’s involved in developing and implementing successful change programs, including how to choose the right way to scale up, see Scott Keller and Colin Price, “Organizational health: The ultimate competitive advantage,” mckinseyquarterly.com, June 2011; and “Taking organizational redesigns from plan to practice: McKinsey Global Survey results,” mckinseyquarterly.com, December 2010.
2 This focused approach is consistent with the findings of another McKinsey survey, showing that when influence leaders in an organization were engaged with change programs, those programs were almost four times as likely to be considered successful; see “What successful transformations share: McKinsey Global Survey results,” mckinseyquarterly.com, March 2010.
Finding the right place to start change
When implementing an organization-wide transformation, focus your efforts on the most connected employees to help generate momentum and accelerate impact.
NOVEMBER 2011 • Marco Gardini, Giovanni Giuliani, and Marco Marricchi
Source: Organization Practice
Changing an entire large organization is never easy; only about a third of all such transformations succeed. One problem many organizations run into as they implement a change program is faltering momentum because employees just don’t change the way they work. Sometimes they don’t want to, and sometimes the reason is a poorly structured plan that makes change harder. Our recent experience at a European retail bank shows the benefits of starting to implement change by focusing on the employees who have the most influence over the daily work that needs to change. This approach can ensure that a successful transformation happens faster and that employees remain engaged in the long term.
That’s what eventually happened at a national bank, which had more than 6,000 branches and was facing increasing competition from local banks that were perceived as more attuned to local-customer needs. In an attempt to close the gap, the bank developed a new organizational model that was designed to remove layers of centralization and supervision and give branch managers much more authority to tailor bank offerings, marketing, and other promotions to local interests. The bank’s top managers rapidly communicated to the whole staff the principles behind the new organizational model and the model itself, including how roles, such as those of branch managers and their supervisors, were supposed to change. The top managers did this through a series of road shows, along with other traditional methods, such as memos, articles on the bank’s intranet, and a stand-alone publication that featured all the new organizational charts. Everyone received the same information, and everyone was expected to adopt the new model at the same time.
When the top managers assessed progress a few months later, they realized that most employees simply hadn’t changed how they worked. For example, the new structure simplified how credit decisions were made: branch managers were supposed to send their recommendations directly to the final decision maker (one of a series of committees with the autonomy to authorize different levels of credit) instead of through several intermediate intervening layers (as many as five, depending on risk). But the managers, afraid of making mistakes or annoying colleagues in the intervening layers, were still using the old structure. What’s more, the regional-level supervisors of the branch managers now weren’t supposed to tell branch managers what to do—instead they were to act solely as coaches, but neither the supervisors nor the managers had made this change successfully. Many supervisors didn’t have the skills they needed to coach, and many branch managers similarly didn’t have the skills they needed, such as time planning and communications, to run things on their own.
The bank’s leaders realized that they didn’t have the right model for delivering a transformation: they were seeking to change too much at once instead of scaling up after seeing how the new methods worked in practice.1 Knowing the bank needed a different approach to reach its goal of greater local autonomy, it decided to shift focus to the employees who could facilitate change the fastest.2
Starting change in the middle
Who were those people? The bank’s leaders looked at three criteria:
•Which roles have a direct, substantial impact on the desired business results?
•Which roles are connected with a large number of different subgroups in the organization?
•Which roles can decide how people get the relevant things done?
Our experience with a range of organizations shows that it can be tricky to identify the right pivotal role for a given change program. For instance, you might think that regional managers or branch supervisors would have been the logical choice for the bank, but they weren’t, because they didn’t have a direct impact on daily activities in the branches. That meant they couldn’t affect results directly and arguably lacked the credibility they needed with frontline employees to drive change.
In other industries, the pivotal role can vary widely: in power generation plants, for example, maintenance supervisors are the people to focus on, while in retail sales of petroleum products, it’s the service station manager, and in retail apparel, the store manager. And these aren’t always the seemingly logical choices: in retail apparel, for instance, you might think of sales clerks as pivotal because they have direct interactions with customers and influence sales. But sales clerks typically don’t influence other employees and don’t interact with their companies outside their own shops.
The European bank found that its branch managers were the people to focus on because they had the right combination of managerial impact and local control to meet the program’s goals. So senior executives decided to revamp their top-down rollout process and to reorganize their plan for managing change—communications, timing, and capability-building efforts—so that it focused on the 6,000 branch managers. The bank later restructured those activities for all the other roles, so that employees could understand what was being asked of them in light of the changes the branch managers were making. In this way, the bank could still reach out to 2,000 more senior managers and 30,000 more branch employees but from a point with greater leverage.
For example, instead of creating a single program designed to change employees’ mind-sets and behavior in order to make them more customer focused, the bank developed upward of 20 programs, each focused on the specific needs of a different role. For branch managers, the training process began with sessions that explained exactly how the new organizational model would affect them. Then they discussed the overall commercial skills they would need, such as how to determine which products or services mattered most to their local customers; credit and asset-management capabilities; core principles of quality and customer satisfaction; and practices such as managing people, communications, and handling conflicts to make sure they’d be able to put the new approach to work. The bank also created an online community where branch managers could discuss common issues related to these changes.
Not until branch managers were able and ready to change (six months later) did the bank focus on encouraging their employees and supervisors to change as well. The content of the programs was specifically tailored to address the particular needs or priorities of different roles (for example, the regional-level supervisors were taught collaborative leadership and commercial planning). Similar alterations were made at all stages of the change program.
This approach created a substantial risk for the bank. The leaders were asking branch managers to make fundamental changes in how they worked, by adding a new focus on customers and self-management—and all this in an environment where others weren’t embracing a new way of working. The branch managers were concerned that their colleagues would continue to avoid change or perhaps become even more hostile as they were forced to accept it. The bank addressed this issue by including in its revamped change program a focus on building individuals’ self-esteem and their trust in the company. It did so by discussing with them their careers and their connections to the bank, by providing coaching about their development, and by helping them understand how branch managers had gained responsibility and autonomy as a result of the reorganization. The latter, particularly, had a very positive impact on the managers’ perception of the overall change initiative.
Eighteen months later, relationship managers (branch managers’ lieutenants and the employees with the closest direct relationships with customers) were able to spend 30 percent more time with customers because of the newly streamlined process, which in turn improved the bank’s sales effectiveness, increasing the number of products sold per branch by 15 percent. The time spent making credit decisions fell by 25 percent. Customer responsiveness to marketing campaigns more than doubled. And a national survey showed a 20 percent improvement in customer satisfaction at the branch level. The bank has gained some longer-term benefits as well: it now has a number of people it can rely on to lead change at any point in the organization; creating autonomous networks among employees has fostered knowledge sharing and encouraged mutual support; and the change program ultimately has made the bank more receptive to ideas from the front lines.
What other organizations can learn
The experiences of this bank and other organizations lead to two lessons that any organization can use to help implement change successfully:
•Change the pivotal people first. Identifying what your change program’s pivotal role is and making sure that the people in it have both the tools and the willingness to change is often essential to ensuring that the rest of the organization changes. In this case, the branch managers were at the center of the revenue stream that the bank wanted to improve; once they had the right skills and attitude, they drove change quickly. Without this step, even the best organizational model will fail.
•Build a comprehensive program. You must also ensure that the goals of the change program are clear and meaningful and that the links between the people in the pivotal roles and the changes the rest of the organization must make are addressed clearly and comprehensively. Otherwise, the initial positive momentum won’t last—no one can create meaningful change in a vacuum.
About the Authors
Marco Gardini and Marco Marricchi are consultants in McKinsey’s Rome office; Giovanni Giuliani is a principal in the Milan office.
The authors wish to acknowledge Walter Lironi for his contribution to this article.
Notes
1 For a full look at what’s involved in developing and implementing successful change programs, including how to choose the right way to scale up, see Scott Keller and Colin Price, “Organizational health: The ultimate competitive advantage,” mckinseyquarterly.com, June 2011; and “Taking organizational redesigns from plan to practice: McKinsey Global Survey results,” mckinseyquarterly.com, December 2010.
2 This focused approach is consistent with the findings of another McKinsey survey, showing that when influence leaders in an organization were engaged with change programs, those programs were almost four times as likely to be considered successful; see “What successful transformations share: McKinsey Global Survey results,” mckinseyquarterly.com, March 2010.
Mujeres a los 50: el retorno de la vitalidad
The following information is used for educational purposes only.
Mujeres a los 50: el retorno de la vitalidad
Según un estudio, el 68% se sienten en el momento ideal para empezar nuevos proyectos; muchas lo sienten como el revivir del amor
Foto: Archivo / lanacion.com
En tiempos en los que la juventud parece sinónimo de felicidad, un estudio revela que hay una generación de mujeres listas para cuestionar esta creencia: tienen 50 años y se encuentran en su mejor momento. Algunas alcanzaron la cima de su crecimiento profesional, otras empiezan un pequeño negocio, están las que eligen iniciar una nueva vida en pareja o sin ella, y casi todas están orgullosas de haber criado exitosamente a sus hijos.
Así, aunque ya no tienen 30 y sus cuerpos están pasando por los cambios físicos que supone la menopausia, ellas sienten que hoy tienen mucha más capacidad para enfrentar retos y obstáculos. Tanto es así que se creó para esta generación de mujeres un nuevo concepto, la "maduritud", etapa de transición de estas mujeres en la que se combina la experiencia que les da la madurez con la energía de la juventud.
Estas son algunas de las conclusiones de un estudio realizado por la empresa multinacional Kimberly Clark (a través de su marca Poise ), que realizó entrevistas a mujeres de entre 40 y 60 años de clase media y alta de la Argentina, Colombia, Costa Rica y Chile, con la modalidad de entrevistas cara a cara y telefónicas.
Según Carolina Tacco, directora de marca de Poise Argentina, luego del estudio "nos encontramos una generación de mujeres argentinas, de América latina en general, dispuestas a vivir los 50 de otra forma. Esto cuestiona la creencia de que llegar a la madurez es el fin de una etapa".
Nada de quedarse en casa
Según datos del estudio, el 68% de las mujeres que se encuentran en el período pre o post menopausia se sienten en un momento de vida ideal para empezar nuevos proyectos.
Según las conclusiones de este trabajo, esta etapa en la vida viene acompañada de energía y actividad: el 83% de las entrevistadas se sienten activas, con ganas de hacer cosas y de no quedarse en casa. Así se demuestra que, a pesar de que la menopausia es considerada por la sociedad como una etapa de vida negativa, llegar a los 50 es vivido hoy como un paso hacia una mayor libertad.
Ellas creen firmemente que la edad debe llevarse con naturalidad: el 91% de las encuestadas manifestaron estar de acuerdo con esta creencia, y buscan llevar mejor los conflictos propios de los cambios hormonales producto del climaterio. En resumen, sienten que pueden seguir siendo jóvenes aun después de la menopausia (85% de las entrevistadas) ya que asumen una actitud positiva ante esta nueva etapa de vida.
"Estas cifras no sólo reflejan una actitud positiva de estas mujeres ante la vida. También ponen en tela de juicio la idea que impone la sociedad de que sólo se es joven durante los años fértiles", concluye esta investigación a la que accedió LA NACION.
Sexualidad en plenitud
Este sentido, muchas afirman que se sienten más tranquilas para vivir su sexualidad a pleno, ya que al dejar el período de fertilidad desaparecen las preocupaciones por embarazos no deseados. Por otro lado, el inicio del período de "nido vacío" -cuando los hijos dejan el hogar- les da no sólo el tiempo sino también los recursos y las ganas para buscar otros intereses y nuevas formas de socialización, lo que las lleva a vivir una madurez libre, formando nuevos círculos sociales del mismo sexo o del sexo opuesto, o incluso a encontrar nueva pareja.
El estudio explora los temas de bienestar general físico y emocional, la tensión entre juventud y madurez y las expectativas que estas mujeres tienen del futuro. Los resultados muestran a una generación de mujeres con una perspectiva más positiva de la vida después de la menopausia.
Contrariamente a esto, la menopausia, un punto crítico en la vida que marca el inicio de la edad madura, suele ser reforzada con una percepción negativa. Y esta mirada tiene numerosas implicaciones para una persona próxima a ese momento. "Sin embargo, a medida que avanzaban las investigaciones descubrimos que las mujeres de 50 de hoy viven este momento con entusiasmo, energía y mayor libertad que generaciones anteriores", menciona este estudio.
Los especialistas a cargo de este relevamiento bautizaron esta etapa de vida como "maduritud", la transición de estas mujeres maduras pero tan vitales como en la juventud. "Si bien son conscientes de las limitaciones propias de la edad (incluso para algunas llegar a esta etapa implica atravesar momentos de confusión y crisis antes de descubrir esta nueva etapa), la gran mayoría coincide con que este nuevo ciclo en sus vidas tiene mucho por ofrecer, lo cual se manifiesta en una mentalidad optimista y llena de planes propios a futuro".
La "maduritud" es una etapa llena de proyectos: casi 7 de cada 10 mujeres afirman que este momento de sus vidas es bueno para asumir nuevos retos, entre los que destacan micro-emprendimientos, estudiar nuevas carreras o cursos y desarrollar nuevos pasatiempos. "En este tiempo se rescata lo mejor de la madurez emocional de estas mujeres con la juventud que no han perdido. Las mujeres que lo viven a pleno insisten en que se les debe reconocer porque se sientan jóvenes y porque celebran el equilibrio y la experiencia que hoy enriquece sus vidas y les da la capacidad de enfrentar dificultades con serenidad y entereza"..
Fuente: La Nación
Mujeres a los 50: el retorno de la vitalidad
Según un estudio, el 68% se sienten en el momento ideal para empezar nuevos proyectos; muchas lo sienten como el revivir del amor
Foto: Archivo / lanacion.com
En tiempos en los que la juventud parece sinónimo de felicidad, un estudio revela que hay una generación de mujeres listas para cuestionar esta creencia: tienen 50 años y se encuentran en su mejor momento. Algunas alcanzaron la cima de su crecimiento profesional, otras empiezan un pequeño negocio, están las que eligen iniciar una nueva vida en pareja o sin ella, y casi todas están orgullosas de haber criado exitosamente a sus hijos.
Así, aunque ya no tienen 30 y sus cuerpos están pasando por los cambios físicos que supone la menopausia, ellas sienten que hoy tienen mucha más capacidad para enfrentar retos y obstáculos. Tanto es así que se creó para esta generación de mujeres un nuevo concepto, la "maduritud", etapa de transición de estas mujeres en la que se combina la experiencia que les da la madurez con la energía de la juventud.
Estas son algunas de las conclusiones de un estudio realizado por la empresa multinacional Kimberly Clark (a través de su marca Poise ), que realizó entrevistas a mujeres de entre 40 y 60 años de clase media y alta de la Argentina, Colombia, Costa Rica y Chile, con la modalidad de entrevistas cara a cara y telefónicas.
Según Carolina Tacco, directora de marca de Poise Argentina, luego del estudio "nos encontramos una generación de mujeres argentinas, de América latina en general, dispuestas a vivir los 50 de otra forma. Esto cuestiona la creencia de que llegar a la madurez es el fin de una etapa".
Nada de quedarse en casa
Según datos del estudio, el 68% de las mujeres que se encuentran en el período pre o post menopausia se sienten en un momento de vida ideal para empezar nuevos proyectos.
Según las conclusiones de este trabajo, esta etapa en la vida viene acompañada de energía y actividad: el 83% de las entrevistadas se sienten activas, con ganas de hacer cosas y de no quedarse en casa. Así se demuestra que, a pesar de que la menopausia es considerada por la sociedad como una etapa de vida negativa, llegar a los 50 es vivido hoy como un paso hacia una mayor libertad.
Ellas creen firmemente que la edad debe llevarse con naturalidad: el 91% de las encuestadas manifestaron estar de acuerdo con esta creencia, y buscan llevar mejor los conflictos propios de los cambios hormonales producto del climaterio. En resumen, sienten que pueden seguir siendo jóvenes aun después de la menopausia (85% de las entrevistadas) ya que asumen una actitud positiva ante esta nueva etapa de vida.
"Estas cifras no sólo reflejan una actitud positiva de estas mujeres ante la vida. También ponen en tela de juicio la idea que impone la sociedad de que sólo se es joven durante los años fértiles", concluye esta investigación a la que accedió LA NACION.
Sexualidad en plenitud
Este sentido, muchas afirman que se sienten más tranquilas para vivir su sexualidad a pleno, ya que al dejar el período de fertilidad desaparecen las preocupaciones por embarazos no deseados. Por otro lado, el inicio del período de "nido vacío" -cuando los hijos dejan el hogar- les da no sólo el tiempo sino también los recursos y las ganas para buscar otros intereses y nuevas formas de socialización, lo que las lleva a vivir una madurez libre, formando nuevos círculos sociales del mismo sexo o del sexo opuesto, o incluso a encontrar nueva pareja.
El estudio explora los temas de bienestar general físico y emocional, la tensión entre juventud y madurez y las expectativas que estas mujeres tienen del futuro. Los resultados muestran a una generación de mujeres con una perspectiva más positiva de la vida después de la menopausia.
Contrariamente a esto, la menopausia, un punto crítico en la vida que marca el inicio de la edad madura, suele ser reforzada con una percepción negativa. Y esta mirada tiene numerosas implicaciones para una persona próxima a ese momento. "Sin embargo, a medida que avanzaban las investigaciones descubrimos que las mujeres de 50 de hoy viven este momento con entusiasmo, energía y mayor libertad que generaciones anteriores", menciona este estudio.
Los especialistas a cargo de este relevamiento bautizaron esta etapa de vida como "maduritud", la transición de estas mujeres maduras pero tan vitales como en la juventud. "Si bien son conscientes de las limitaciones propias de la edad (incluso para algunas llegar a esta etapa implica atravesar momentos de confusión y crisis antes de descubrir esta nueva etapa), la gran mayoría coincide con que este nuevo ciclo en sus vidas tiene mucho por ofrecer, lo cual se manifiesta en una mentalidad optimista y llena de planes propios a futuro".
La "maduritud" es una etapa llena de proyectos: casi 7 de cada 10 mujeres afirman que este momento de sus vidas es bueno para asumir nuevos retos, entre los que destacan micro-emprendimientos, estudiar nuevas carreras o cursos y desarrollar nuevos pasatiempos. "En este tiempo se rescata lo mejor de la madurez emocional de estas mujeres con la juventud que no han perdido. Las mujeres que lo viven a pleno insisten en que se les debe reconocer porque se sientan jóvenes y porque celebran el equilibrio y la experiencia que hoy enriquece sus vidas y les da la capacidad de enfrentar dificultades con serenidad y entereza"..
Fuente: La Nación
Yacanto, el pueblo que le ganó la pulseada a la minería
The following information is used for educational purposes only.
Yacanto, el pueblo que le ganó la pulseada a la minería
Cuando trascendió que pretendían reactivar una mina en en el Valle de Calamuchita, se organizó una pueblada; la Provincia desautorizó el proyecto por el impacto ambiental
Foto: Archivo / lanacion.com
La fuerza de un pueblo pudo más que las intenciones de una empresa minera. Villa Yacanto de Calamuchita, un pueblo de algo más de 1500 habitantes al pie de las Sierras Grandes, cuya principal actividad económica es el turismo, logró unirse en contra de la instalación de la compañía Complejo Minero Cerro Blanco.
El empresario Jorge Warnholtz había presentado un informe de impacto ambiental para iniciar la explotación minera en el emblemático Cerro Blanco, en jurisdicción de Yacanto. Tras meses de evaluación, el intendente de esta localidad, Oscar Musumeci, muestra a LA NACION una copia de la resolución de la Secretaría de Ambiente del gobierno de Córdoba en la que se desautoriza la explotación de esa mina. Los fundamentos explicitan que "se incumplen condiciones de factibilidad" que establece la legislación provincial y, además, contradice una ordenanza municipal, que declaró la inviabilidad de esta explotación minera por razones de "preservación, conservación, defensa y mejoramiento del ambiente".
El intendente de este apacible pueblo no oculta su alegría frente a esto que considera un logro de toda la comunidad. "Estamos muy contentos, recibimos gratamente esta noticia que no autoriza la explotación minera en nuestro pueblo", dice a LA NACION ni bien conoce la esperada resolución. Así, considera "cerrado" este tema que los mantuvo preocupados y ocupados en el valle. "Este es un triunfo de todos, porque nos subimos al mismo barco para lograr este objetivo".
El municipio aprobó una ordenanza que fue clave en la decisión de Provincia (decreto N° 066/2011). Allí se establece que es inviable la explotación minera en la zona porque se prioriza el cuidado del medio ambiente y la actividad turística vinculada. "Nuestra principal riqueza son los recursos naturales y la minería es incompatible con el plan de desarrollo que tenemos para nuestra población", reitera quien está al frente del ejecutivo local.
La resistencia del pueblo se había hecho sentir desde el comienzo de todo, apenas trascendió la noticia de que una empresa minera pretendía reactivar una mina en desuso desde 1942. Entonces, todos se movilizaron en una especie de pueblada: carteles, pancartas, folletos con el "no a la minería" se multiplicaron por todo el valle.
El empresario Warnholtz reniega de esta movilización que entorpece sus planes. Habla de la importancia de la creación de puestos de trabajo vinculados a la minería, asegura que su proyecto no contamina el medio ambiente, cree que el Municipio no tiene derecho a legislar en la actividad minera y confía en que la Provincia revise su decisión. "Para nosotros la cuestión no está terminada. Se están encargando mis abogados", informa en diálogo con LA NACION .
Para conocer Villa Yacanto por dentro
Video: Viaje al interior de Yacanto de Calamuchita
http://cdn.clanacion.com.ar/anexos/Videos/99/78299.mp4
Fuente: La Nación
Yacanto, el pueblo que le ganó la pulseada a la minería
Cuando trascendió que pretendían reactivar una mina en en el Valle de Calamuchita, se organizó una pueblada; la Provincia desautorizó el proyecto por el impacto ambiental
Foto: Archivo / lanacion.com
La fuerza de un pueblo pudo más que las intenciones de una empresa minera. Villa Yacanto de Calamuchita, un pueblo de algo más de 1500 habitantes al pie de las Sierras Grandes, cuya principal actividad económica es el turismo, logró unirse en contra de la instalación de la compañía Complejo Minero Cerro Blanco.
El empresario Jorge Warnholtz había presentado un informe de impacto ambiental para iniciar la explotación minera en el emblemático Cerro Blanco, en jurisdicción de Yacanto. Tras meses de evaluación, el intendente de esta localidad, Oscar Musumeci, muestra a LA NACION una copia de la resolución de la Secretaría de Ambiente del gobierno de Córdoba en la que se desautoriza la explotación de esa mina. Los fundamentos explicitan que "se incumplen condiciones de factibilidad" que establece la legislación provincial y, además, contradice una ordenanza municipal, que declaró la inviabilidad de esta explotación minera por razones de "preservación, conservación, defensa y mejoramiento del ambiente".
El intendente de este apacible pueblo no oculta su alegría frente a esto que considera un logro de toda la comunidad. "Estamos muy contentos, recibimos gratamente esta noticia que no autoriza la explotación minera en nuestro pueblo", dice a LA NACION ni bien conoce la esperada resolución. Así, considera "cerrado" este tema que los mantuvo preocupados y ocupados en el valle. "Este es un triunfo de todos, porque nos subimos al mismo barco para lograr este objetivo".
El municipio aprobó una ordenanza que fue clave en la decisión de Provincia (decreto N° 066/2011). Allí se establece que es inviable la explotación minera en la zona porque se prioriza el cuidado del medio ambiente y la actividad turística vinculada. "Nuestra principal riqueza son los recursos naturales y la minería es incompatible con el plan de desarrollo que tenemos para nuestra población", reitera quien está al frente del ejecutivo local.
La resistencia del pueblo se había hecho sentir desde el comienzo de todo, apenas trascendió la noticia de que una empresa minera pretendía reactivar una mina en desuso desde 1942. Entonces, todos se movilizaron en una especie de pueblada: carteles, pancartas, folletos con el "no a la minería" se multiplicaron por todo el valle.
El empresario Warnholtz reniega de esta movilización que entorpece sus planes. Habla de la importancia de la creación de puestos de trabajo vinculados a la minería, asegura que su proyecto no contamina el medio ambiente, cree que el Municipio no tiene derecho a legislar en la actividad minera y confía en que la Provincia revise su decisión. "Para nosotros la cuestión no está terminada. Se están encargando mis abogados", informa en diálogo con LA NACION .
Para conocer Villa Yacanto por dentro
Video: Viaje al interior de Yacanto de Calamuchita
http://cdn.clanacion.com.ar/anexos/Videos/99/78299.mp4
Fuente: La Nación
Conciliar el sueño resulta, en muchos casos, un verdadero trabajo.
The following information is used for educational purposes only.
Foto: Inimage.net
Buenas noches
Conciliar el sueño resulta, en muchos casos, un verdadero trabajo.
Aquí, algunas sugerencias y formas naturales de dormir placenteramente.
Basta de contar ovejitas.
Irritabilidad, falta de concentración y, por supuesto, agotamiento físico. Esto experimentamos el día después de sobrevivir una noche sin poder dormir.
Los motivos que provocan el insomnio son variados. Entre estos se encuentran: las preocupaciones personales, el estrés, la ansiedad o la depresión. También puede desencadenarse por una gran ingesta de café o cenas muy abundantes.
Para quienes desean tener un sueño placentero, largo y, sobretodo, profundo, acercamos una serie de consejos prácticos y naturales.
A conciliar el sueño
- No cenar de forma abundante ni tampoco practicar ayuno a la noche. Porciones medidas, son las recomendables.
- Carbohidratos como el pan, pastas, batatas, papas o el arroz generan una placentera sensación de somnolencia, ya que son procesados por nuestro organismo de forma lenta.
- La banana y yogurt proveen aminoácidos que ayudan a conciliar el sueño. Estos alimentos pueden incluirse en la cena como un rico postre.
- El clásico remedio del vaso de leche caliente antes de dormir para muchos funciona
- Practicar ejercicio por la tarde. Correr, nadar, caminar, andar en bici o hacer pilates, son algunas de las propuestas. El cuerpo libera tensión y demanda descanso para recuperar el desgaste físico.
- Contar con una cama cómoda, evitar que se filtre luz o que se escuchen ruidos molestos, es una manera de acondicionar la habitación donde duermes para favorecer el sueño
- Prohibido beber café o sus derivados con cafeína -bebidas gasificadas como las colas, el té o el mate
- Evitar conciliar el sueño con la televisión encendida o con video juegos. Es un distractor que mantiene nuestros sentidos enfocados. A algunos les resulta efectivo leer un libro entre la cama porque provoca somnolencia o escuchar música de relajación.
Foto: Inimage.net
Buenas noches
Conciliar el sueño resulta, en muchos casos, un verdadero trabajo.
Aquí, algunas sugerencias y formas naturales de dormir placenteramente.
Basta de contar ovejitas.
Irritabilidad, falta de concentración y, por supuesto, agotamiento físico. Esto experimentamos el día después de sobrevivir una noche sin poder dormir.
Los motivos que provocan el insomnio son variados. Entre estos se encuentran: las preocupaciones personales, el estrés, la ansiedad o la depresión. También puede desencadenarse por una gran ingesta de café o cenas muy abundantes.
Para quienes desean tener un sueño placentero, largo y, sobretodo, profundo, acercamos una serie de consejos prácticos y naturales.
A conciliar el sueño
- No cenar de forma abundante ni tampoco practicar ayuno a la noche. Porciones medidas, son las recomendables.
- Carbohidratos como el pan, pastas, batatas, papas o el arroz generan una placentera sensación de somnolencia, ya que son procesados por nuestro organismo de forma lenta.
- La banana y yogurt proveen aminoácidos que ayudan a conciliar el sueño. Estos alimentos pueden incluirse en la cena como un rico postre.
- El clásico remedio del vaso de leche caliente antes de dormir para muchos funciona
- Practicar ejercicio por la tarde. Correr, nadar, caminar, andar en bici o hacer pilates, son algunas de las propuestas. El cuerpo libera tensión y demanda descanso para recuperar el desgaste físico.
- Contar con una cama cómoda, evitar que se filtre luz o que se escuchen ruidos molestos, es una manera de acondicionar la habitación donde duermes para favorecer el sueño
- Prohibido beber café o sus derivados con cafeína -bebidas gasificadas como las colas, el té o el mate
- Evitar conciliar el sueño con la televisión encendida o con video juegos. Es un distractor que mantiene nuestros sentidos enfocados. A algunos les resulta efectivo leer un libro entre la cama porque provoca somnolencia o escuchar música de relajación.
El diccionario que necesitabas. Y otros diez diccionarios en español
The following information is used for educational purposes only.
El diccionario que necesitabas. Y otros diez diccionarios en español
Conozcan al útil Goodrae y todas sus funciones. Además, otros diez diccionarios en español para consultar online.
por Diego Rottman
25/11/2011
Goodrae es un diccionario en español que permite hacer búsquedas más complicadas y dinámicas que el de la Real Academia Española. Todos los errores de uso que tiene el diccionario de la RAE, Goodrae los resuelve.
Uno es el que nos va llevando de una palabra a la otra. Así lo cuenta su creador:
Soy maestro de Primaria y una situación parecida a la siguiente se daba en clase con demasiada frecuencia. Algo había que hacer.
"- Maestro, ¿qué es "abaleadura"? - Búscalo en el diccionario, Ramón. (...tic, tac, tic, tac...) - "Acción y efecto de abalear." Y ¿qué es "abalear"? - Pues, búscalo en el diccionario, Ramón ( ...tic, tac, tic, tac...) - "Separar del trigo, cebada, etc., después de aventados, y con escoba a propósito para ello, los granzones y la paja gruesa." ¿Y qué es "aventados"? ¿y qué son "granzones"? - Ehhhhh...."
Con Goodrae cada palabra es clickeable y lleva a su significado, con lo que las dudas de este alumno se resolverían en cuestión de segundos.
Pero hay más: ¿están haciendo un crucigrama y tienen una palabra que empieza con "xi" y termina con "o"? Con Goodrae pueden poner "xi*o" y les mostrará todas las palabras en español que pueden ser: xifoideo, xilófago, xilófono, xilográfico, xilógrafo, xilórgano. Lo mismo sirve para el Scrabel.
Y ya que hablamos de juegos, si en el Tutti-Frutti hay que poner colores, basta buscar "color" en Goodrae y hallaremos todos los que figuran en el diccionario (¿sabían que existe un color aberenjenado? ideal para no tener que poner azul).
Los poetas también pueden acudir a Goodrae cuando la inspiración falla. Si no se les ocurre con qué rimar "dicha", acá tienen doce opciones ofrecidas por Goodrae (me quedo con salchicha).
Pero Goodrae no es el único diccionario en español alternativo al de la RAE. Acá van otras propuestas y cuándo usarlas:
- Wikipedia: la enciclopedia más conocida de la Red. Al momento de escribir esto, la versión en español tenía 845.818 artículos. Se complementa con el Wikcionario, el diccionario de Wikipedia.
- Compjugador: un diccionario para ver cómo se conjuga cualquier verbo en español.
- El País y El Mundo: los dos diarios españoles ofrecen, además del diccionario convencional, diccionarios de sinónimos, antónimos, de inglés, de francés y, en el caso de El Mundo, también de Medicina.
- Clarín: ideal para encontrar palabras que se usan solo en Argentina, como por ejemplo "teca".
- Diccionario de dudas: en este servicio de la Real Academia Española se puede consultar si de debe decir "menús" o "menúes". Otro diccionario de dudas es el de Fundeu.
- María Moliner: junto con el de la RAE, el diccionario más respetado.
- Diccionario de rimas: otro para poetas, pero exclusivamente orientado a escribir en verso.
- Diccionario de Google: con poner define: seguido del término que querramos consultar en la ventana de búsqueda de Google, accederemos a su definición. Por ejemplo define:FMI
El diccionario que necesitabas. Y otros diez diccionarios en español
Conozcan al útil Goodrae y todas sus funciones. Además, otros diez diccionarios en español para consultar online.
por Diego Rottman
25/11/2011
Goodrae es un diccionario en español que permite hacer búsquedas más complicadas y dinámicas que el de la Real Academia Española. Todos los errores de uso que tiene el diccionario de la RAE, Goodrae los resuelve.
Uno es el que nos va llevando de una palabra a la otra. Así lo cuenta su creador:
Soy maestro de Primaria y una situación parecida a la siguiente se daba en clase con demasiada frecuencia. Algo había que hacer.
"- Maestro, ¿qué es "abaleadura"? - Búscalo en el diccionario, Ramón. (...tic, tac, tic, tac...) - "Acción y efecto de abalear." Y ¿qué es "abalear"? - Pues, búscalo en el diccionario, Ramón ( ...tic, tac, tic, tac...) - "Separar del trigo, cebada, etc., después de aventados, y con escoba a propósito para ello, los granzones y la paja gruesa." ¿Y qué es "aventados"? ¿y qué son "granzones"? - Ehhhhh...."
Con Goodrae cada palabra es clickeable y lleva a su significado, con lo que las dudas de este alumno se resolverían en cuestión de segundos.
Pero hay más: ¿están haciendo un crucigrama y tienen una palabra que empieza con "xi" y termina con "o"? Con Goodrae pueden poner "xi*o" y les mostrará todas las palabras en español que pueden ser: xifoideo, xilófago, xilófono, xilográfico, xilógrafo, xilórgano. Lo mismo sirve para el Scrabel.
Y ya que hablamos de juegos, si en el Tutti-Frutti hay que poner colores, basta buscar "color" en Goodrae y hallaremos todos los que figuran en el diccionario (¿sabían que existe un color aberenjenado? ideal para no tener que poner azul).
Los poetas también pueden acudir a Goodrae cuando la inspiración falla. Si no se les ocurre con qué rimar "dicha", acá tienen doce opciones ofrecidas por Goodrae (me quedo con salchicha).
Pero Goodrae no es el único diccionario en español alternativo al de la RAE. Acá van otras propuestas y cuándo usarlas:
- Wikipedia: la enciclopedia más conocida de la Red. Al momento de escribir esto, la versión en español tenía 845.818 artículos. Se complementa con el Wikcionario, el diccionario de Wikipedia.
- Compjugador: un diccionario para ver cómo se conjuga cualquier verbo en español.
- El País y El Mundo: los dos diarios españoles ofrecen, además del diccionario convencional, diccionarios de sinónimos, antónimos, de inglés, de francés y, en el caso de El Mundo, también de Medicina.
- Clarín: ideal para encontrar palabras que se usan solo en Argentina, como por ejemplo "teca".
- Diccionario de dudas: en este servicio de la Real Academia Española se puede consultar si de debe decir "menús" o "menúes". Otro diccionario de dudas es el de Fundeu.
- María Moliner: junto con el de la RAE, el diccionario más respetado.
- Diccionario de rimas: otro para poetas, pero exclusivamente orientado a escribir en verso.
- Diccionario de Google: con poner define: seguido del término que querramos consultar en la ventana de búsqueda de Google, accederemos a su definición. Por ejemplo define:FMI
Glossaries by Language
The following information is used for educational purposes only.
Glossaries by Language
Afrikaans
Afrikaans-English dictionary
Afrikaans-English-Afrikaans dictionary
Afrikaans-German dictionary
Albanian
Diccionario Albanés-Español (Albanian-Spanish-Albanian. 16.000 entries by Pablo Nieto)
Arabic
Bibliography of Arabic Dictionaries
Ectaco English/Arabic Dictionary
Microsoft Glossaries in Arabic
Artificial Languages
Constructed Human Languages
Index of resources to constructed languages, such as Esperanto, Klingon, and Tolkein's language.
EOXX Esperanto - English dictionary
Esperanto - English dictionary
Esperanto - German dictionary
Basque
Simple Basque dictionary
Bulgarian
Bulgarian-English dictionary
Bulgarian, English, Spanish, French, Portuguese and Italian dictionary
Catalan
Catalan terminology resources - TERMCAT
Microsoft Glossaries in Catalan
Icelandic-Catalan dictionary
Microsoft Glossaries in Catalan
Chechen
Chechen dictionary and phrasebook by Nicholas Awde
Chinese
Charles Muller's on-line dictionary of Buddhism and East Asian literary terms
Chinese Dictionaries Web
Chinese-English dictionary
Chinese-English etymology Dictionary (Chinese fonts not required)
Chinese-German dictionary HanDeDict
English-Chinese dictionary of medical terms
This online resource tool, intended for both professional and public use, has been manually compiled with reference to an extensive collection of bilingual medical dictionaries and glossaries published by institutions and healthcare authorities in the People's Republic of China, Taiwan and Hong Kong.
English-Chinese online dictionary by H. Xin
Learn Chinese Vocabulary • No Flashcards!
Microsoft Glossaries in Chinese
Czech
Czech-English / English-Czech dictionary
Czech-English dictionary
Czech-English dictionary
Czech from/to English, German, French, Italian, Spanish, Russian and Latin dictionary
English-Czech dictionary
English-Czech / Czech-English dictionary of mathematical terminology
Microsoft Glossaries in Czech
Croatian
Croatian Dependency Treebank
Croatian Lemmatization Server
Croatian National Corpus
Croatian Language Technologies portal
Croatian Language Technologies Society
English 2 Croatian
Danish
Danish-English-Danish Dictionary
Danish - English, English - Danish microeconomics glossary.
Maintained by Esben Sloth Andersen, University of Aalborg, Dept. of Business Studies.
Microsoft Glossaries in Danish
Dutch
Dutch-English Business Dictionary
Dutch-English dictionary
Dutch-English-Dutch Dictionary
Dutch - Frisian
En/Fr/Ge/Du/It/Sp dictionary
Contains about 16,000 words (per language), with all definitions in English. Has the ability to search for a word in English, French, German, Dutch, Italian, and Spanish. Additionally, there is a pronunciation file for each English word.
German-English-French-Dutch word lexicon
Contains 35 million sentences and 500 million words. From the University of Leipzig.
Glossary of botanical terms (english-dutch / dutch-english)
Developed by a botanical study group at Eindhoven, the Netherlands, this glossary contains English-Dutch and Dutch-English botanical terms. In addition to botanical terms, it also contains some words that describe landscape elements.
Microsoft Glossaries in Dutch
Online Indonesian-Dutch Dictionary
English
17th Century Biblical English Glossary
Acronym Finder Web Site, a database of more than 45,000 acronyms and their meanings
Contains acronyms about: General topics, Computers, Technology, Government, Telecommunications, and the Military including Department of Defense (DoD), Air Force, Army, Navy, and Coast Guard acronyms.
Acronym List of the computer science department service of the University of Oldenburg
Acronym List of the computer science department service of the University of Oldenburg
This is a collection of computer-related acronyms and abbreviations. It contains more than 26,000 entries.
Acronyms and abbreviations - Stands4
Acronyms for the telecommunication and electronics industries
The American - British - American dictionary
American Heritage Dictionary, Third Edition
Andropause Glossary
Andropause Glossary: Terms & Definitions Related to Male Menopause
ARTFL: Roget's Thesaurus
Artlandia Glossary of Pattern Design
Business Jargon Guide
A large collection of the worst phrases used in the business world today.
The Biographical Dictionary
This dictionary covers more than 28,000 notable men and women who have shaped our world from ancient times to the present day. It can be searched by birth years, death years, positions held, professions, literary and artistic works, achievements, and other keywords.
Charles Muller's on-line dictionary of Buddhism and East Asian literary terms
Chemistry Database
Database of chemical compounds.
Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition
Compressed Air Glossary
Computer and Internet glossary
Computing Terminology Dictionary (English)
Construction Terms
Cord Blood Banking Glossary
Terms & Definitions about Cord Blood used in the cord blood banking industry.
Dicios offers translations, definitions, pronunciations, synonyms and antonyms.
Dictionary of botanical epithets
Digital Dialects language learning
The Dictionary Net
A unique reference resource offering comprehensive word and phrase definitions from a variety of english dictionary resources.
English Dictionary and word puzzles -
Encyclopedic dictionary of Western symbols
English-Dictionary.us
The English dictionary is an amalgamation of open content English dictionaries available online and offline. This site is designed with a simple, no-frills layout to ensure high performance and ease-of-use to all visitors. The database currently contains over 320,000 dictionary references, and is constantly being added to. The search function features predictive typing, enabling the user to view references on-the-fly.
English etymology dictionary
I hope this map of the wheel-ruts of English will be useful or amusing to a lot of people. It's not meant to be pedantic: These are not definitions; they're explanations of what our words meant 600 or 2,000 years ago. Think of it like looking at pictures of your friends' parents when they were your age. People will continue to use words as they will, finding new or wider meanings for old words and coining new ones to fit new situations. In fact, this list is a testimony to that process.
English 2 Croatian
English 2 Japanese
English to Estonian
English to Spanish Translation
Financial market trading terms
Financial Planning Glossary, a fantastic list of finance- and insurance-related terms
TheFreeDictionary.com and TheFreeLibrary.com - English Dictionary, Thesaurus, a Literature Reference Library, and a Search Engine all in one
Finjan Secure Web Gateway Glossary
Gardening Know How Gardening Glossary
Glossary for anglers and fishermen German – English
Glossary of Botanical Terms
Glossary of Database-related Terms
Glossary of Debt-related Terms
Contains definitions of over 400 debt-related terms.
Glossary of energy terms
Glossary of Financial Terms
Contains definitions of over 6000 finance, business, investment and stock market terms.
Glossary of IT terms with links
Glossary of Jazz Terms
Glossary of Mortgage Terms
Contains definitions of over 400 mortgage-related terms.
Glossary Of MUDDING Terms
Glossary of Poetic Terms
Glossary of politics, international relations and human rights
Glossary of Public Speaking Terms
Glossary of terms commonly used in relation to public speaking and by professional speakers.
GLOSSARY OF ROOFING TILE-RELATED TERMS (ENGLISH-FRENCH-SPANISH)
Glossary of terms used in the criminal justice process English - German
IBM glossary of networking and computing terms (English)
Internet Glossary Terms
Internet glossary terms focusing on organic SEO, pay per click management, Internet brand management and more
Investopedia - Financial Dictionary
A free financial dictionary with thousands of terms and buzz words. Each term not only contains the definition but also tips, related terms, and related links to help you better understand the word.
Java and related terms glossary
Ka-BOOM! A Dictionary of Comicbook Words on Historical Principles (English)
Male Sexual Dysfunction and Male Infertility Glossary
Medical Dictionary
An English medical dictionary of medical-related terminology and information online
Medical Glossary
a great basic medical glossary
Medical Glossary
The Medical Dictionary Search Engine
Multi-database on-line dictionary
New 60's Slang Dictionary
OilGasGlossary.com
one-stop resource for online legal dictionaries and glossaries
Online Dictionary of Units of Measurement
On-line Medical Dictionary
Prison Terms Glossary
The Correctional Officers Guide to Prison Slang
Roget's II Thesaurus
Sebastian's Technical Glossary
Building pathology & construction technology, architecture, civil, structural, forensic, mechanical, pavement and materials engineering with elements of testing and quality science.
Shakespeare Dictionary
A list of Shakespearean words, definitions, and sample usages.
Software Engineering Glossary (English)
Strange and Unusual Dictionaries
Includes free on-line versions of the Dictionary of One-Letter Words (over 700 entries), the Dictionary of All-Consonant Words, and the Dictionary of All-Vowel Words.
Strunk, William. 1918. The Elements of Style.
Surety bond insurance is a staple in almost all fields of business, from construction to entertainment.
TECHtionary - world's first animated dictionary on telecommunications, data networking and internet technology
TERMITE
TERMITE is the ITU's 60,000-entry terminology database containing primarily Telecommunication terms relating to technical standards. The database also Includes terms pertaining to technical fields and administrative and Financial matters relevant to the structure and functioning of ITU. The entries are primarily in English, French, Spanish and sometimes Russian (transcribed), although some may also contain Italian, German and Portuguese.
Thesaurus of NASA terms
Theosophical terms glossary
Webster's dictionary (courtesy Project Gutenberg)
Webster's English Dictionary
WWWebster(TM) dictionary
Based on Merriam-Webster's Collegiate(R) dictionary, 10th Edition. "What can you do here? Look up a definition, pronunciation, etymology, spelling, or usage point in the WWWebster dictionary. Check out the Word of the Day. Enjoy transcripts of our Word for the Wise radio program."
Estonian
English to Estonian
Estonian-English-Estonian dictionary
Estonian Synonyms
Finnish
English-Finnish Glossary of Remote Sensing from the Helsinki University of Technology
Finnish-English-Finnish Dictionary
Lexitec Finnish Glossaries
Lexitec online features English-Finnish and Finnish-English glossaries of Computer terms based on a leading Finnish printed vocabulary of computer Terms by a professional translator.
Microsoft Glossaries in Finnish
Frisian
Dutch - Frisian
Dutch - Frisian
West Frisian - North Frisian
French
ARTFL: French-English Dictionary
Bulgarian, English, Spanish, French, Portuguese and Italian dictionary
"Context" En/Fr/Ge/It/Sp/Ru/Po dictionary
Contains more than 500,000 terms.
Czech from/to English, German, French, Italian, Spanish, Russian and Latin dictionary
DAFA - French dictionary of business and economic terms
The DAFA is the first genuine language dictionary of Business French. The DAFA contains 11000 multiword units and a very keen system to differentiate synonyms and its conceptual organisation. It includes more than 3000 contexts from the fields of business and economics, numerous usage notes and geographical variants from Belgium, France, Québec and the French speaking part of Switzerland.
Dictionnaire des citations
En-Fr Air Traffic Control Dictionary
En/Fr/Ge/Du/It/Sp dictionary
Contains about 16,000 words (per language), with all definitions in English. Has the ability to search for a word in English, French, German, Dutch, Italian, and Spanish. Additionally, there is a pronunciation file for each English word.
En-Fr-Ge Equestrian Sports Dictionary
En/Fr/Ge/It dictionary of financial terms
English-French glossary of aeronautical terms
English-French computer glossary
English-French Glossary of Construction Terminology (Canada)
English-Italian-Russian-French on-line dictionary on oil and gas
French dictionaries from the 17th-20th centuries (the ARTFL reference collection)
French-English-French Dictionary
French - English - French mechnical technical dictionary
French-English terminology lists
german-english-french-dutch word lexicon
Contains 35 million sentences and 500 million words. From the University of Leipzig.
Glossary of petroleum and natural gas terms (English, Italian, Russian, German, French)
GLOSSARY OF ROOFING TILE-RELATED TERMS (ENGLISH-FRENCH-SPANISH)
Le grand dictionnaire terminologique
Le grand dictionnaire terminologique est un ouvrage de référence unique rassemblant un fonds terminologique d'envergure de 3 millions de termes français et anglais dans 200 domaines d'activité. Il est le compagnon indispensable de tous ceux et celles qui doivent traduire, réviser ou rédiger des textes impeccables.
Lexique Informatique Officieux de la Commission Ministirielle de Terminologie Informatique
Le Trésor de la Langue Française Informatisé - French dictionary with phonetic lookup
Microsoft Glossaries in French
Online A-Z dictionary of modern France
TERMITE
TERMITE is the ITU's 60,000-entry terminology database containing primarily Telecommunication terms relating to technical standards. The database also Includes terms pertaining to technical fields and administrative and Financial matters relevant to the structure and functioning of ITU. The entries are primarily in English, French, Spanish and sometimes Russian (transcribed), although some may also contain Italian, German and Portuguese.
Vietnamese-English-French Dictionary Online
Gaelic
Gaelic Dictionaries Online (a search engine)
Gaelic-English dictionary
Gaelic etymological dictionary
Georgian
Online German-Georgian-German dictionary by Michael Jelden (16,000 lemmata and 90,000 words)
German
canoo.net German dictionaries and grammars
canoo.net includes specialized dictionaries for German Orthography, Inflection, Word Formation and Morphology as well as the German-English Translation Dictionary LEO. The specialized dictionaries for German are based on Canoo's Morphology Dictionary, which has over 250,000 entries and recognises approximately 3 million word forms. Other dictionaries are included in the search if applicable. Using our Unknown Word products feature, it is possible to analyse words that are not listed in any of our dictionaries (for example Alpendurchquerungstunnel or Lieblingstier). We are continuously adding new words to our dictionaries. A dedicated authoring environment for lexicographers ensures an extremely high quality of data. The dictionary was developed over more than 10 years at the University of Basel under the direction of Prof. Dr. Domenig, now CEO of Canoo Engineering AG.
Chemnitz German-English-German (100,000 entries)
Clevertranslate.com English-German dictionary/translator
Chinese-German dictionary HanDeDict
Computerlexikon Informationsarchiv.net - monolingual german computer glossary
Computing
Czech from/to English, German, French, Italian, Spanish, Russian and Latin dictionary
En/Fr/Ge/It/Sp/Ru/Po dictionary
Contains more than 500,000 terms.
En/Fr/Ge/It dictionary of financial terms
En/Fr/Ge/Du/It/Sp dictionary
Contains about 16,000 words (per language), with all definitions in English. Has the ability to search for a word in English, French, German, Dutch, Italian, and Spanish. Additionally, there is a pronunciation file for each English word.
En-Fr-Ge Equestrian Sports Dictionary
English-German Dictionary of Linguistic Terms
English-German Glossary of Translation and Interpretation Terms
English-German-Spanish online dictionary featuring 900.000 entries, names, slang, scientific use, etc.
german-english-french-dutch word lexicon
Contains 35 million sentences and 500 million words. From the University of Leipzig.
German-English-German dictionary with over 300,000 entries
German-English Glossaries (various)
German dictionary with spellcheck function
German and English idioms and sayings
German-English Glossary of Translation and Interpretation Terms
German-English online dictionary (dict.cc)
More than 345.000 translations in both directions. Optimized for slow connections. Users can add words, help each other in the forum and search, browse or download the word list. Additional Pocket Version available.
German-English Phrase Lexicon
German-English technical dictionary
Over 34,000 entries in the fields of Patent Law, Automotive Engineering, Telecommunications, Chemistry, Mathematics and Mechanical Engineering
German-Romanian and Romanian-German dictionary
German - Hungarian dictionary
german-spanish, spanish-german glossary
german-swedish, swedish-german glossary
Glossary for anglers and fishermen German – English
Glossary of petroleum and natural gas terms (English, Italian, Russian, German, French)
Glossary of terms used in the criminal justice process English - German
Hebrew-German-Hebrew Online-Dictionary. It contains over 10'300 entries.
linguatec German-English dictionary with over 500,000 entries
Microsoft Glossaries in German
Online German-Georgian-German dictionary by Michael Jelden (16,000 lemmata and 90,000 words)
Slang Dictionary
Short definitions
Schlauweb
TERMITE
TERMITE is the ITU's 60,000-entry terminology database containing primarily Telecommunication terms relating to technical standards. The database also Includes terms pertaining to technical fields and administrative and Financial matters relevant to the structure and functioning of ITU. The entries are primarily in English, French, Spanish and sometimes Russian (transcribed), although some may also contain Italian, German and Portuguese.
Triccionario: German-English-Spanish Business Dictionary
Contains about 100.000 translations in the business sector.
Greek
Dictionary of Greek & Latin Roots
English-Greek Word Search. Perseus Project
Greek-English dictionary of current words and phrases
Greek-English: Liddell-Scott-Jones lexicon of classical Greek (Perseus Project)
Microsoft Glossaries in Greek
Hawaiian
Mamaka Kaiao Hawaiian-English / English-Hawaiian Dictionary
Mo'o and Lolo's Hawaiian-English / English-Hawaiian Dictionary
Hebrew
Hebrew-German-Hebrew Online-Dictionary
Learn Hebrew Verbs
Microsoft Glossaries in Hebrew
My Hebrew Dictionary
My Hebrew Dictionary is an on-line resource containing groups of English words translated into Hebrew. The groups of words range from fruit and vegetables to basketball. The computer section itself has over 400 terms. The dictionary is unique because you do not need Hebrew fonts to display the Hebrew words. All words are displayed using graphics. The site loads quickly and the interface is simple. Anyone interested in learning new words of this ancient / modern language is invited to visit.
My Hebrew Picture Dictionary
My Hebrew Picture Dictionary is a new online resource to learn Hebrew words in a fun way. Each word in the dictionary has an English and Hebrew translation and transliteration and a photograph of the item. The interface is simple and both kids and adults will find this new educational resource entertaining and useful.
Hindi
English-Hindi dictionary
TamilCube's Modern Hindi-English-Hindi Dictionary
TamilCube's Free Online Hindi-English-Hindi Dictionary has over 100,000 words.
Hungarian
German - Hungarian dictionary
Hungarian-English-Hungarian dictionary
Hungarian-English-Hungarian Dictionary
Microsoft Glossaries in Hungarian
Icelandic
Icelandic-Catalan dictionary
Indonesian
Diccionario Indonesio-Español (Indonesian-Spanish-Indonesian dictionary)
Indonesian-English-Indonesian Dictionary
kamus.net English-Indonesian-English dictionary
Online English-Indonesian Dictionary
Online Indonesian-Dutch Dictionary
Italian
Bulgarian, English, Spanish, French, Portuguese and Italian dictionary
"Context" En/Fr/Ge/It/Sp/Ru/Po dictionary
Contains more than 500,000 terms.
Czech from/to English, German, French, Italian, Spanish, Russian and Latin dictionary
En/Fr/Ge/Du/It/Sp dictionary
Contains about 16,000 words (per language), with all definitions in English. Has the ability to search for a word in English, French, German, Dutch, Italian, and Spanish. Additionally, there is a pronunciation file for each English word.
En/Fr/Ge/It dictionary of financial terms
English-Italian Dictionary
English > Italian dictionary of chemistry, industrial chemistry and biotechnologies with 3000 entries.
English-Italian-Russian-French on-line dictionary on oil and gas
Glossary of molecular biology terms and abbreviations (English, Italian, Russian)
Glossary of petroleum and natural gas terms (English, Italian, Russian, German, French)
Italian-English Dictionary
Italian Dictionary
Italian-English-Italian Collins Dictionary
Large collection of Italian glossaries and specialist dictionaries listed by subject
Microsoft Glossaries in Italian
Somali-Italian-English Mathematical dictionary
TERMITE
TERMITE is the ITU's 60,000-entry terminology database containing primarily Telecommunication terms relating to technical standards. The database also Includes terms pertaining to technical fields and administrative and Financial matters relevant to the structure and functioning of ITU. The entries are primarily in English, French, Spanish and sometimes Russian (transcribed), although some may also contain Italian, German and Portuguese.
Japanese
Asako Mizuno's dictionary resource page (contains links to 120 dictionary/glossary/database/search sites)
Charles Muller's on-line dictionary of Buddhism and East Asian literary terms
English 2 Japanese
Excite (Kenkyusha) Japanese-English-Japanese Dictionary
175,000 entries E->J , 135,000 entries J->E and 233,000 entries J->J
Japanese Computer Joke Dictionary
Japanese-Hungarian dictionary
Japanese Language
Japanese-Dict
Japanese Kanji dictionary
Japanese-Ukrainian-Japanese Online Dictionary
Japanese-Hungarian online dictionary
Jim Breen's Japanese-English dictionary server
kanjidic
Microsoft Glossaries in Japanese
Korean
Korean-English-Korean Dictionary
Approximately 30,000 entries
Microsoft Glossaries in Korean
Miscellaneous Korean Dictionaries
Konkani
Konkani < - > English Dictionary (Searchable), Konkani - > German Dictionary
Kurdish
Kurmancî - English/French/Kurdish/Latin/Turkish glossary
Latin
Book of Proverbs in Latin, English, French, German and Italian.
Czech from/to English, German, French, Italian, Spanish, Russian and Latin dictionary
Dictionary of Greek & Latin Roots
Latin-English-Latin Dictionary
Latin Dictionary and Grammar Aid, University of Kansas
Lithuanian
Lithuanian-English-Lithuanian dictionary of computer terms
Malay
Dr. Bhanot's Malay-English Dictionary
TamilCube's Modern Malay-English-Malay Dictionary
Maltese
English-Maltese on-line dictionary
TamilCube's Free Online Malay-English-Malay Dictionary has over 100,000 words.
Multilingual and Other Language Dictionaries
A multilingual food dictionary
bab.la
bab.la, a Wikipedia-style language portal. bab.la offers a collaborative dictionary, language quizzes and a language forum.
CONTEXT-Online
CONTEXT-Online is a database of more than 500,000 terms, offering bilingual dictionaries and translation of words and phrases between English and Spanish, French, German, Italian, Portuguese and Russian.
Collions
Collins has an excellent heritage, publishing dictionaries for over 175 years and is indeed one of the world's largest dictionary companies. Using a 2.5 billion-word corpus, unique to Collins, ensures that our definitions are the most comprehensive and up-to-date.
En/Fr/Ge/Du/It/Sp dictionary
Contains about 16,000 words (per language), with all definitions in English. Has the ability to search for a word in English, French, German, Dutch, Italian, and Spanish. Additionally, there is a pronunciation file for each English word.
En/Ge/Fr dictionary
English, Russian and Kazakh glossary
En/Fr/Ge/It/Sp dictionary
free online dictionary site
Fish Glossary
Glossary of fish and other marine animals in Danish, English, Faroese, French, German, Icelandic, Latin, Norwegian and Portuguese. Developed by the Icelandic Marine Research Institute.
Foreign Languages for Travelers - Fremdsprachen fr Reisende - Langues Etrangres pour Voyageurs
Freeware multilingual dictionaries (downloadable)
This site contains free, downloadable multilingual dictionaries between Italian and 60+ other languages. The site is in Italian with a brief reference page in English.
The Internet Dictionary Project
kuenstler4u
Pan-European Dictionary of Common Names of Wild and Domestic Animals: Mammals and Birds in 53 Languages of Europe
Lang-to-lang, Multilingual On-line Dictionaries
Dictionaries in english, german, turkish, french, spanish, russian, italian. Searching from any language to any other language.
Lexicool.com - Directory of Multilingual On-line Dictionaries
Lexicool.com is one of the most comprehensive directories of free bilingual and multilingual dictionaries and glossaries on the Internet. The site has a fully searchable database, with over two thousand titles referenced.
MAGUS: Multilingual Animal Glossary (Birds and Mammals in 53 Languages of Europe)
A glossary translates the different artists in three languages.
Majstro Multilingual Dictionaries
Multilingual dictionaries in 35 languages. Entries include part of speech and alternate spellings.
Medical Glossaries & Biomedical Dictionaries
Medical Glossaries & Biomedical Dictionaries in 23 languages
o-db.com
PetaMem On-Line Multilingual Dictionaries (Czech, Dutch, English, French, German, Hungarian, Italian, Portuguese, Swedish)
Pons.eu
travlang Multilingual Dictionaries
UNTERM - The United Nations multilingual terminology database (70,000 entries in 6 languages)
This database was compiled over the years in response to diverse and wide-ranging demands of United Nations language staff for terminology and nomenclature. It is being put on the Internet to facilitate the efforts of people around the world who participate in the work of the United Nations but do not have access to the Secretariat's intranet.
WordGumbo Multilingual Dictionaries and Glossaries
Native American
Anishinaabe/Ojibwe-English word lists
Mayan epigraphic database (glyphs transliterated)
Native American Languages - index and discussion of Native American languages
Norwegian
Microsoft Glossaries in Norwegian
Norwegian Bokml and Nynorsk dictionaries
Norwegian-English-Norwegian Dictionary
TriTrans English-Spanish-Norwegian dictionary
Polish
Microsoft Glossaries in Polish
Short Polish-English internetwork security word list
Small English-Polish dictionary
Portuguese
Bulgarian, English, Spanish, French, Portuguese and Italian dictionary
"Context" En/Fr/Ge/It/Sp/Ru/Po dictionary
Contains more than 500,000 terms.
Dicionários-Online.com
Dicionários, glossários, enciclopédias, atlas, e outras obras de referência em português na Internet.
English - Portuguese dictionary
Iberian Portuguese on-line dictionary
João Roque Dias' links to over 3500 portuguese glossaries
Michaelis Brazilian Portuguese - English/French/German/Spanish dictionary
This dictionary is only available to subscribers of "UOL."
Microsoft Glossaries in Portuguese
PORTUGUESE FOOD DICTIONARY
Portuguese Language
Portuguese-English-Portuguese Dictionary
Portoeditora Portuguese-English-Portuguese on-line dictionary
More than 600,000 searchable words. Approximately 235,000 definitions, expressions and example sentences. Technical and scientific vocabulary, including lexicon of new technologies. Detailed etymological information for more than 83,000 words. Verb conjugations for more than 13,500 verbs. Recognition of inflected forms.
TERMITE
TERMITE is the ITU's 60,000-entry terminology database containing primarily Telecommunication terms relating to technical standards. The database also Includes terms pertaining to technical fields and administrative and Financial matters relevant to the structure and functioning of ITU. The entries are primarily in English, French, Spanish and sometimes Russian (transcribed), although some may also contain Italian, German and Portuguese.
Romanian
English/Romanian/English online dictionary
Useful Words & Phrases in Romanian
German-Romanian and Romanian-German dictionary
Russian
Americana English-Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary
Online version of UNESCO award-winning Americana English-Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary, a first bilingual source about the United States. More than 20,000 entries. Print edition published by Polygramma (Russia). Edited by Ghelly Chernov.
"Context" En/Fr/Ge/It/Sp/Ru/Po dictionary
Contains more than 500,000 terms.
Czech from/to English, German, French, Italian, Spanish, Russian and Latin dictionary
English-Italian-Russian-French on-line dictionary on oil and gas
English-Russian Dictionary of Computing for Everyone
English-Russian Glossary of International Banking & Finance Acronyms and Abbreviations
Glossary of molecular biology terms and abbreviations (English, Italian, Russian)
Glossary of petroleum and natural gas terms (English, Italian, Russian, German, French)
Microsoft Glossaries in Russian
Rastafarian patois - English/Russian glossary
Russian-English-Russian Dictionary
Russian glossary
Slovak - Russian online dictionary
TERMITE
TERMITE is the ITU's 60,000-entry terminology database containing primarily Telecommunication terms relating to technical standards. The database also Includes terms pertaining to technical fields and administrative and Financial matters relevant to the structure and functioning of ITU. The entries are primarily in English, French, Spanish and sometimes Russian (transcribed), although some may also contain Italian, German and Portuguese.
Sign language
Sign language dictionaries and other resources
Sutton's Sign Language Dictionary
Slovak
English-Slovak dictionary
Microsoft Glossaries in Slovak
Small English - Slovak talking dictionary for tourists
Slovak - Russian online dictionary
Slovene
Microsoft Glossaries in Slovene
Slovene-English-Slovene computer dictionary
Somali
Somali-Italian-English Mathematical dictionary
Spanish
a glossary of medical Spanish terms
Bulgarian, English, Spanish, French, Portuguese and Italian dictionary
Business English-Spanish-English Glossary by A.D. Miles
Czech from/to English, German, French, Italian, Spanish, Russian and Latin dictionary
Diccionario Indonesio-Español (Indonesian-Spanish-Indonesian dictionary)
"Context" En/Fr/Ge/It/Sp/Ru/Po dictionary
Contains more than 500,000 terms.
En/Fr/Ge/Du/It/Sp dictionary
Contains about 16,000 words (per language), with all definitions in English. Has the ability to search for a word in English, French, German, Dutch, Italian, and Spanish. Additionally, there is a pronunciation file for each English word.
English-German-Spanish online dictionary featuring 900.000 entries, names, slang, scientific use, etc.
English-Spanish dictionary of library and information science
This is a compilation of terminology (both general and specific) used by library and information professionals and contains 89,215 entries. Last update November 2003.
English-Spanish Glossary of Computer Science Terminology
Over 11000 entries, English to Spanish with translation, explanation, links to webs and images. The glossary gathers those terms that are used in the field of Computer Science and other related sciences. It also includes companies, organisations and foundations, as well as prominent figures in the IT world.
English to Spanish Translation
german-spanish, spanish-german glossary
GLOSSARY OF ROOFING TILE-RELATED TERMS (ENGLISH-FRENCH-SPANISH)
New Spanish-English Dictionary
A new on-line dictionary based on the Collins Concise Spanish Dictionary. It also has a cool new browser customization.
SOCRAT downloadble english-spanish dictionary (24000 terms)
Spanish-English-Spanish Dictionary with audio pronunciations (57,000 entries)
Spanish-English-Spanish Proverbs Dictionary
A new dictionary of 5,000 proverbs and sayings.
Spanish to English Dictionary of Acounting Terms
Spanish to English Dictionary of Finance Terms.
Spanish Real-estate terms
Spanish-English word list of computer terms
Spanish Food Dictionary
Includes many food terms normally not included in general dictionaries.
Spanish glossary of internet terms
spanishnewyork.com - links to english/spanish on-line dictionaries
Spanish picture dictionary
Tax glossary
Triccionario: German-English-Spanish Business Dictionary
Contains about 100.000 translations in the business sector.
TriTrans English-Spanish-Norwegian dictionary
Tomísimo
wordreference.com - english/spanish on-line dictionary
Sumerian
A Lexicon of 1,119 Sumerian logograms
Swahili
Swahili-English-Swahili Dictionary
Swahili Living dictionary
Swahili - English Dictionary
Swedish
Collection of links to Swedish dictionaries covering various subjects
English-Swedish Internet glossary.
german-swedish, swedish-german glossary
Microsoft Glossaries in Swedish
Online English-Swedish-English Dictionary
Swedish Academy Dictionary
Swedish-English-Swedish Dictionary
Tagalog
Online English-Tagalog-English Dictionary
Tamil
Tamil-English-Tamil dictionary
Tamil-English-Tamil dictionary the world's No. 1 Free Online Tamil Dictionary with over 200,000 words.
Thai
Lexitron English-Thai dictionary
Turkish
Contemporary Turkish Literature (searchable)
English-Turkish dictionary of Computer Terms
Kurmancî - English/French/Kurdish/Latin/Turkish glossary
Microsoft Glossaries in Turkish
OnlineTurkish.com - Links to online Turkish glossaries and other resources
Turkish-English & English-Turkish dictionary (more than 400,000 words/phrases specializing in business terms) by Ugur Yorulmaz [Turkish version] and [English version]
Turkish-English-Turkish On Line dictionary
Turkish language resources with a dictionary including technical terms
Turkish Living Lexicon (research database with over 100,000 entries)
Ukrainian
English-Ukrainian dictionary
Japanese-Ukrainian-Japanese Online Dictionary
Urdu
Urdu-English dictionary
Vietnamese
English-Vietnamese dictionary of Technical Terms
Vietnamese-English-French Dictionary Online
Welsh
English-Welsh-English lexicon
Welsh-English dictionary
Welsh Meta-dictionary (inflected forms)
Yiddish
Online Yiddish dictionary
Source: www.lai.com/glossaries.html
Glossaries by Language
Afrikaans
Afrikaans-English dictionary
Afrikaans-English-Afrikaans dictionary
Afrikaans-German dictionary
Albanian
Diccionario Albanés-Español (Albanian-Spanish-Albanian. 16.000 entries by Pablo Nieto)
Arabic
Bibliography of Arabic Dictionaries
Ectaco English/Arabic Dictionary
Microsoft Glossaries in Arabic
Artificial Languages
Constructed Human Languages
Index of resources to constructed languages, such as Esperanto, Klingon, and Tolkein's language.
EOXX Esperanto - English dictionary
Esperanto - English dictionary
Esperanto - German dictionary
Basque
Simple Basque dictionary
Bulgarian
Bulgarian-English dictionary
Bulgarian, English, Spanish, French, Portuguese and Italian dictionary
Catalan
Catalan terminology resources - TERMCAT
Microsoft Glossaries in Catalan
Icelandic-Catalan dictionary
Microsoft Glossaries in Catalan
Chechen
Chechen dictionary and phrasebook by Nicholas Awde
Chinese
Charles Muller's on-line dictionary of Buddhism and East Asian literary terms
Chinese Dictionaries Web
Chinese-English dictionary
Chinese-English etymology Dictionary (Chinese fonts not required)
Chinese-German dictionary HanDeDict
English-Chinese dictionary of medical terms
This online resource tool, intended for both professional and public use, has been manually compiled with reference to an extensive collection of bilingual medical dictionaries and glossaries published by institutions and healthcare authorities in the People's Republic of China, Taiwan and Hong Kong.
English-Chinese online dictionary by H. Xin
Learn Chinese Vocabulary • No Flashcards!
Microsoft Glossaries in Chinese
Czech
Czech-English / English-Czech dictionary
Czech-English dictionary
Czech-English dictionary
Czech from/to English, German, French, Italian, Spanish, Russian and Latin dictionary
English-Czech dictionary
English-Czech / Czech-English dictionary of mathematical terminology
Microsoft Glossaries in Czech
Croatian
Croatian Dependency Treebank
Croatian Lemmatization Server
Croatian National Corpus
Croatian Language Technologies portal
Croatian Language Technologies Society
English 2 Croatian
Danish
Danish-English-Danish Dictionary
Danish - English, English - Danish microeconomics glossary.
Maintained by Esben Sloth Andersen, University of Aalborg, Dept. of Business Studies.
Microsoft Glossaries in Danish
Dutch
Dutch-English Business Dictionary
Dutch-English dictionary
Dutch-English-Dutch Dictionary
Dutch - Frisian
En/Fr/Ge/Du/It/Sp dictionary
Contains about 16,000 words (per language), with all definitions in English. Has the ability to search for a word in English, French, German, Dutch, Italian, and Spanish. Additionally, there is a pronunciation file for each English word.
German-English-French-Dutch word lexicon
Contains 35 million sentences and 500 million words. From the University of Leipzig.
Glossary of botanical terms (english-dutch / dutch-english)
Developed by a botanical study group at Eindhoven, the Netherlands, this glossary contains English-Dutch and Dutch-English botanical terms. In addition to botanical terms, it also contains some words that describe landscape elements.
Microsoft Glossaries in Dutch
Online Indonesian-Dutch Dictionary
English
17th Century Biblical English Glossary
Acronym Finder Web Site, a database of more than 45,000 acronyms and their meanings
Contains acronyms about: General topics, Computers, Technology, Government, Telecommunications, and the Military including Department of Defense (DoD), Air Force, Army, Navy, and Coast Guard acronyms.
Acronym List of the computer science department service of the University of Oldenburg
Acronym List of the computer science department service of the University of Oldenburg
This is a collection of computer-related acronyms and abbreviations. It contains more than 26,000 entries.
Acronyms and abbreviations - Stands4
Acronyms for the telecommunication and electronics industries
The American - British - American dictionary
American Heritage Dictionary, Third Edition
Andropause Glossary
Andropause Glossary: Terms & Definitions Related to Male Menopause
ARTFL: Roget's Thesaurus
Artlandia Glossary of Pattern Design
Business Jargon Guide
A large collection of the worst phrases used in the business world today.
The Biographical Dictionary
This dictionary covers more than 28,000 notable men and women who have shaped our world from ancient times to the present day. It can be searched by birth years, death years, positions held, professions, literary and artistic works, achievements, and other keywords.
Charles Muller's on-line dictionary of Buddhism and East Asian literary terms
Chemistry Database
Database of chemical compounds.
Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition
Compressed Air Glossary
Computer and Internet glossary
Computing Terminology Dictionary (English)
Construction Terms
Cord Blood Banking Glossary
Terms & Definitions about Cord Blood used in the cord blood banking industry.
Dicios offers translations, definitions, pronunciations, synonyms and antonyms.
Dictionary of botanical epithets
Digital Dialects language learning
The Dictionary Net
A unique reference resource offering comprehensive word and phrase definitions from a variety of english dictionary resources.
English Dictionary and word puzzles -
Encyclopedic dictionary of Western symbols
English-Dictionary.us
The English dictionary is an amalgamation of open content English dictionaries available online and offline. This site is designed with a simple, no-frills layout to ensure high performance and ease-of-use to all visitors. The database currently contains over 320,000 dictionary references, and is constantly being added to. The search function features predictive typing, enabling the user to view references on-the-fly.
English etymology dictionary
I hope this map of the wheel-ruts of English will be useful or amusing to a lot of people. It's not meant to be pedantic: These are not definitions; they're explanations of what our words meant 600 or 2,000 years ago. Think of it like looking at pictures of your friends' parents when they were your age. People will continue to use words as they will, finding new or wider meanings for old words and coining new ones to fit new situations. In fact, this list is a testimony to that process.
English 2 Croatian
English 2 Japanese
English to Estonian
English to Spanish Translation
Financial market trading terms
Financial Planning Glossary, a fantastic list of finance- and insurance-related terms
TheFreeDictionary.com and TheFreeLibrary.com - English Dictionary, Thesaurus, a Literature Reference Library, and a Search Engine all in one
Finjan Secure Web Gateway Glossary
Gardening Know How Gardening Glossary
Glossary for anglers and fishermen German – English
Glossary of Botanical Terms
Glossary of Database-related Terms
Glossary of Debt-related Terms
Contains definitions of over 400 debt-related terms.
Glossary of energy terms
Glossary of Financial Terms
Contains definitions of over 6000 finance, business, investment and stock market terms.
Glossary of IT terms with links
Glossary of Jazz Terms
Glossary of Mortgage Terms
Contains definitions of over 400 mortgage-related terms.
Glossary Of MUDDING Terms
Glossary of Poetic Terms
Glossary of politics, international relations and human rights
Glossary of Public Speaking Terms
Glossary of terms commonly used in relation to public speaking and by professional speakers.
GLOSSARY OF ROOFING TILE-RELATED TERMS (ENGLISH-FRENCH-SPANISH)
Glossary of terms used in the criminal justice process English - German
IBM glossary of networking and computing terms (English)
Internet Glossary Terms
Internet glossary terms focusing on organic SEO, pay per click management, Internet brand management and more
Investopedia - Financial Dictionary
A free financial dictionary with thousands of terms and buzz words. Each term not only contains the definition but also tips, related terms, and related links to help you better understand the word.
Java and related terms glossary
Ka-BOOM! A Dictionary of Comicbook Words on Historical Principles (English)
Male Sexual Dysfunction and Male Infertility Glossary
Medical Dictionary
An English medical dictionary of medical-related terminology and information online
Medical Glossary
a great basic medical glossary
Medical Glossary
The Medical Dictionary Search Engine
Multi-database on-line dictionary
New 60's Slang Dictionary
OilGasGlossary.com
one-stop resource for online legal dictionaries and glossaries
Online Dictionary of Units of Measurement
On-line Medical Dictionary
Prison Terms Glossary
The Correctional Officers Guide to Prison Slang
Roget's II Thesaurus
Sebastian's Technical Glossary
Building pathology & construction technology, architecture, civil, structural, forensic, mechanical, pavement and materials engineering with elements of testing and quality science.
Shakespeare Dictionary
A list of Shakespearean words, definitions, and sample usages.
Software Engineering Glossary (English)
Strange and Unusual Dictionaries
Includes free on-line versions of the Dictionary of One-Letter Words (over 700 entries), the Dictionary of All-Consonant Words, and the Dictionary of All-Vowel Words.
Strunk, William. 1918. The Elements of Style.
Surety bond insurance is a staple in almost all fields of business, from construction to entertainment.
TECHtionary - world's first animated dictionary on telecommunications, data networking and internet technology
TERMITE
TERMITE is the ITU's 60,000-entry terminology database containing primarily Telecommunication terms relating to technical standards. The database also Includes terms pertaining to technical fields and administrative and Financial matters relevant to the structure and functioning of ITU. The entries are primarily in English, French, Spanish and sometimes Russian (transcribed), although some may also contain Italian, German and Portuguese.
Thesaurus of NASA terms
Theosophical terms glossary
Webster's dictionary (courtesy Project Gutenberg)
Webster's English Dictionary
WWWebster(TM) dictionary
Based on Merriam-Webster's Collegiate(R) dictionary, 10th Edition. "What can you do here? Look up a definition, pronunciation, etymology, spelling, or usage point in the WWWebster dictionary. Check out the Word of the Day. Enjoy transcripts of our Word for the Wise radio program."
Estonian
English to Estonian
Estonian-English-Estonian dictionary
Estonian Synonyms
Finnish
English-Finnish Glossary of Remote Sensing from the Helsinki University of Technology
Finnish-English-Finnish Dictionary
Lexitec Finnish Glossaries
Lexitec online features English-Finnish and Finnish-English glossaries of Computer terms based on a leading Finnish printed vocabulary of computer Terms by a professional translator.
Microsoft Glossaries in Finnish
Frisian
Dutch - Frisian
Dutch - Frisian
West Frisian - North Frisian
French
ARTFL: French-English Dictionary
Bulgarian, English, Spanish, French, Portuguese and Italian dictionary
"Context" En/Fr/Ge/It/Sp/Ru/Po dictionary
Contains more than 500,000 terms.
Czech from/to English, German, French, Italian, Spanish, Russian and Latin dictionary
DAFA - French dictionary of business and economic terms
The DAFA is the first genuine language dictionary of Business French. The DAFA contains 11000 multiword units and a very keen system to differentiate synonyms and its conceptual organisation. It includes more than 3000 contexts from the fields of business and economics, numerous usage notes and geographical variants from Belgium, France, Québec and the French speaking part of Switzerland.
Dictionnaire des citations
En-Fr Air Traffic Control Dictionary
En/Fr/Ge/Du/It/Sp dictionary
Contains about 16,000 words (per language), with all definitions in English. Has the ability to search for a word in English, French, German, Dutch, Italian, and Spanish. Additionally, there is a pronunciation file for each English word.
En-Fr-Ge Equestrian Sports Dictionary
En/Fr/Ge/It dictionary of financial terms
English-French glossary of aeronautical terms
English-French computer glossary
English-French Glossary of Construction Terminology (Canada)
English-Italian-Russian-French on-line dictionary on oil and gas
French dictionaries from the 17th-20th centuries (the ARTFL reference collection)
French-English-French Dictionary
French - English - French mechnical technical dictionary
French-English terminology lists
german-english-french-dutch word lexicon
Contains 35 million sentences and 500 million words. From the University of Leipzig.
Glossary of petroleum and natural gas terms (English, Italian, Russian, German, French)
GLOSSARY OF ROOFING TILE-RELATED TERMS (ENGLISH-FRENCH-SPANISH)
Le grand dictionnaire terminologique
Le grand dictionnaire terminologique est un ouvrage de référence unique rassemblant un fonds terminologique d'envergure de 3 millions de termes français et anglais dans 200 domaines d'activité. Il est le compagnon indispensable de tous ceux et celles qui doivent traduire, réviser ou rédiger des textes impeccables.
Lexique Informatique Officieux de la Commission Ministirielle de Terminologie Informatique
Le Trésor de la Langue Française Informatisé - French dictionary with phonetic lookup
Microsoft Glossaries in French
Online A-Z dictionary of modern France
TERMITE
TERMITE is the ITU's 60,000-entry terminology database containing primarily Telecommunication terms relating to technical standards. The database also Includes terms pertaining to technical fields and administrative and Financial matters relevant to the structure and functioning of ITU. The entries are primarily in English, French, Spanish and sometimes Russian (transcribed), although some may also contain Italian, German and Portuguese.
Vietnamese-English-French Dictionary Online
Gaelic
Gaelic Dictionaries Online (a search engine)
Gaelic-English dictionary
Gaelic etymological dictionary
Georgian
Online German-Georgian-German dictionary by Michael Jelden (16,000 lemmata and 90,000 words)
German
canoo.net German dictionaries and grammars
canoo.net includes specialized dictionaries for German Orthography, Inflection, Word Formation and Morphology as well as the German-English Translation Dictionary LEO. The specialized dictionaries for German are based on Canoo's Morphology Dictionary, which has over 250,000 entries and recognises approximately 3 million word forms. Other dictionaries are included in the search if applicable. Using our Unknown Word products feature, it is possible to analyse words that are not listed in any of our dictionaries (for example Alpendurchquerungstunnel or Lieblingstier). We are continuously adding new words to our dictionaries. A dedicated authoring environment for lexicographers ensures an extremely high quality of data. The dictionary was developed over more than 10 years at the University of Basel under the direction of Prof. Dr. Domenig, now CEO of Canoo Engineering AG.
Chemnitz German-English-German (100,000 entries)
Clevertranslate.com English-German dictionary/translator
Chinese-German dictionary HanDeDict
Computerlexikon Informationsarchiv.net - monolingual german computer glossary
Computing
Czech from/to English, German, French, Italian, Spanish, Russian and Latin dictionary
En/Fr/Ge/It/Sp/Ru/Po dictionary
Contains more than 500,000 terms.
En/Fr/Ge/It dictionary of financial terms
En/Fr/Ge/Du/It/Sp dictionary
Contains about 16,000 words (per language), with all definitions in English. Has the ability to search for a word in English, French, German, Dutch, Italian, and Spanish. Additionally, there is a pronunciation file for each English word.
En-Fr-Ge Equestrian Sports Dictionary
English-German Dictionary of Linguistic Terms
English-German Glossary of Translation and Interpretation Terms
English-German-Spanish online dictionary featuring 900.000 entries, names, slang, scientific use, etc.
german-english-french-dutch word lexicon
Contains 35 million sentences and 500 million words. From the University of Leipzig.
German-English-German dictionary with over 300,000 entries
German-English Glossaries (various)
German dictionary with spellcheck function
German and English idioms and sayings
German-English Glossary of Translation and Interpretation Terms
German-English online dictionary (dict.cc)
More than 345.000 translations in both directions. Optimized for slow connections. Users can add words, help each other in the forum and search, browse or download the word list. Additional Pocket Version available.
German-English Phrase Lexicon
German-English technical dictionary
Over 34,000 entries in the fields of Patent Law, Automotive Engineering, Telecommunications, Chemistry, Mathematics and Mechanical Engineering
German-Romanian and Romanian-German dictionary
German - Hungarian dictionary
german-spanish, spanish-german glossary
german-swedish, swedish-german glossary
Glossary for anglers and fishermen German – English
Glossary of petroleum and natural gas terms (English, Italian, Russian, German, French)
Glossary of terms used in the criminal justice process English - German
Hebrew-German-Hebrew Online-Dictionary. It contains over 10'300 entries.
linguatec German-English dictionary with over 500,000 entries
Microsoft Glossaries in German
Online German-Georgian-German dictionary by Michael Jelden (16,000 lemmata and 90,000 words)
Slang Dictionary
Short definitions
Schlauweb
TERMITE
TERMITE is the ITU's 60,000-entry terminology database containing primarily Telecommunication terms relating to technical standards. The database also Includes terms pertaining to technical fields and administrative and Financial matters relevant to the structure and functioning of ITU. The entries are primarily in English, French, Spanish and sometimes Russian (transcribed), although some may also contain Italian, German and Portuguese.
Triccionario: German-English-Spanish Business Dictionary
Contains about 100.000 translations in the business sector.
Greek
Dictionary of Greek & Latin Roots
English-Greek Word Search. Perseus Project
Greek-English dictionary of current words and phrases
Greek-English: Liddell-Scott-Jones lexicon of classical Greek (Perseus Project)
Microsoft Glossaries in Greek
Hawaiian
Mamaka Kaiao Hawaiian-English / English-Hawaiian Dictionary
Mo'o and Lolo's Hawaiian-English / English-Hawaiian Dictionary
Hebrew
Hebrew-German-Hebrew Online-Dictionary
Learn Hebrew Verbs
Microsoft Glossaries in Hebrew
My Hebrew Dictionary
My Hebrew Dictionary is an on-line resource containing groups of English words translated into Hebrew. The groups of words range from fruit and vegetables to basketball. The computer section itself has over 400 terms. The dictionary is unique because you do not need Hebrew fonts to display the Hebrew words. All words are displayed using graphics. The site loads quickly and the interface is simple. Anyone interested in learning new words of this ancient / modern language is invited to visit.
My Hebrew Picture Dictionary
My Hebrew Picture Dictionary is a new online resource to learn Hebrew words in a fun way. Each word in the dictionary has an English and Hebrew translation and transliteration and a photograph of the item. The interface is simple and both kids and adults will find this new educational resource entertaining and useful.
Hindi
English-Hindi dictionary
TamilCube's Modern Hindi-English-Hindi Dictionary
TamilCube's Free Online Hindi-English-Hindi Dictionary has over 100,000 words.
Hungarian
German - Hungarian dictionary
Hungarian-English-Hungarian dictionary
Hungarian-English-Hungarian Dictionary
Microsoft Glossaries in Hungarian
Icelandic
Icelandic-Catalan dictionary
Indonesian
Diccionario Indonesio-Español (Indonesian-Spanish-Indonesian dictionary)
Indonesian-English-Indonesian Dictionary
kamus.net English-Indonesian-English dictionary
Online English-Indonesian Dictionary
Online Indonesian-Dutch Dictionary
Italian
Bulgarian, English, Spanish, French, Portuguese and Italian dictionary
"Context" En/Fr/Ge/It/Sp/Ru/Po dictionary
Contains more than 500,000 terms.
Czech from/to English, German, French, Italian, Spanish, Russian and Latin dictionary
En/Fr/Ge/Du/It/Sp dictionary
Contains about 16,000 words (per language), with all definitions in English. Has the ability to search for a word in English, French, German, Dutch, Italian, and Spanish. Additionally, there is a pronunciation file for each English word.
En/Fr/Ge/It dictionary of financial terms
English-Italian Dictionary
English > Italian dictionary of chemistry, industrial chemistry and biotechnologies with 3000 entries.
English-Italian-Russian-French on-line dictionary on oil and gas
Glossary of molecular biology terms and abbreviations (English, Italian, Russian)
Glossary of petroleum and natural gas terms (English, Italian, Russian, German, French)
Italian-English Dictionary
Italian Dictionary
Italian-English-Italian Collins Dictionary
Large collection of Italian glossaries and specialist dictionaries listed by subject
Microsoft Glossaries in Italian
Somali-Italian-English Mathematical dictionary
TERMITE
TERMITE is the ITU's 60,000-entry terminology database containing primarily Telecommunication terms relating to technical standards. The database also Includes terms pertaining to technical fields and administrative and Financial matters relevant to the structure and functioning of ITU. The entries are primarily in English, French, Spanish and sometimes Russian (transcribed), although some may also contain Italian, German and Portuguese.
Japanese
Asako Mizuno's dictionary resource page (contains links to 120 dictionary/glossary/database/search sites)
Charles Muller's on-line dictionary of Buddhism and East Asian literary terms
English 2 Japanese
Excite (Kenkyusha) Japanese-English-Japanese Dictionary
175,000 entries E->J , 135,000 entries J->E and 233,000 entries J->J
Japanese Computer Joke Dictionary
Japanese-Hungarian dictionary
Japanese Language
Japanese-Dict
Japanese Kanji dictionary
Japanese-Ukrainian-Japanese Online Dictionary
Japanese-Hungarian online dictionary
Jim Breen's Japanese-English dictionary server
kanjidic
Microsoft Glossaries in Japanese
Korean
Korean-English-Korean Dictionary
Approximately 30,000 entries
Microsoft Glossaries in Korean
Miscellaneous Korean Dictionaries
Konkani
Konkani < - > English Dictionary (Searchable), Konkani - > German Dictionary
Kurdish
Kurmancî - English/French/Kurdish/Latin/Turkish glossary
Latin
Book of Proverbs in Latin, English, French, German and Italian.
Czech from/to English, German, French, Italian, Spanish, Russian and Latin dictionary
Dictionary of Greek & Latin Roots
Latin-English-Latin Dictionary
Latin Dictionary and Grammar Aid, University of Kansas
Lithuanian
Lithuanian-English-Lithuanian dictionary of computer terms
Malay
Dr. Bhanot's Malay-English Dictionary
TamilCube's Modern Malay-English-Malay Dictionary
Maltese
English-Maltese on-line dictionary
TamilCube's Free Online Malay-English-Malay Dictionary has over 100,000 words.
Multilingual and Other Language Dictionaries
A multilingual food dictionary
bab.la
bab.la, a Wikipedia-style language portal. bab.la offers a collaborative dictionary, language quizzes and a language forum.
CONTEXT-Online
CONTEXT-Online is a database of more than 500,000 terms, offering bilingual dictionaries and translation of words and phrases between English and Spanish, French, German, Italian, Portuguese and Russian.
Collions
Collins has an excellent heritage, publishing dictionaries for over 175 years and is indeed one of the world's largest dictionary companies. Using a 2.5 billion-word corpus, unique to Collins, ensures that our definitions are the most comprehensive and up-to-date.
En/Fr/Ge/Du/It/Sp dictionary
Contains about 16,000 words (per language), with all definitions in English. Has the ability to search for a word in English, French, German, Dutch, Italian, and Spanish. Additionally, there is a pronunciation file for each English word.
En/Ge/Fr dictionary
English, Russian and Kazakh glossary
En/Fr/Ge/It/Sp dictionary
free online dictionary site
Fish Glossary
Glossary of fish and other marine animals in Danish, English, Faroese, French, German, Icelandic, Latin, Norwegian and Portuguese. Developed by the Icelandic Marine Research Institute.
Foreign Languages for Travelers - Fremdsprachen fr Reisende - Langues Etrangres pour Voyageurs
Freeware multilingual dictionaries (downloadable)
This site contains free, downloadable multilingual dictionaries between Italian and 60+ other languages. The site is in Italian with a brief reference page in English.
The Internet Dictionary Project
kuenstler4u
Pan-European Dictionary of Common Names of Wild and Domestic Animals: Mammals and Birds in 53 Languages of Europe
Lang-to-lang, Multilingual On-line Dictionaries
Dictionaries in english, german, turkish, french, spanish, russian, italian. Searching from any language to any other language.
Lexicool.com - Directory of Multilingual On-line Dictionaries
Lexicool.com is one of the most comprehensive directories of free bilingual and multilingual dictionaries and glossaries on the Internet. The site has a fully searchable database, with over two thousand titles referenced.
MAGUS: Multilingual Animal Glossary (Birds and Mammals in 53 Languages of Europe)
A glossary translates the different artists in three languages.
Majstro Multilingual Dictionaries
Multilingual dictionaries in 35 languages. Entries include part of speech and alternate spellings.
Medical Glossaries & Biomedical Dictionaries
Medical Glossaries & Biomedical Dictionaries in 23 languages
o-db.com
PetaMem On-Line Multilingual Dictionaries (Czech, Dutch, English, French, German, Hungarian, Italian, Portuguese, Swedish)
Pons.eu
travlang Multilingual Dictionaries
UNTERM - The United Nations multilingual terminology database (70,000 entries in 6 languages)
This database was compiled over the years in response to diverse and wide-ranging demands of United Nations language staff for terminology and nomenclature. It is being put on the Internet to facilitate the efforts of people around the world who participate in the work of the United Nations but do not have access to the Secretariat's intranet.
WordGumbo Multilingual Dictionaries and Glossaries
Native American
Anishinaabe/Ojibwe-English word lists
Mayan epigraphic database (glyphs transliterated)
Native American Languages - index and discussion of Native American languages
Norwegian
Microsoft Glossaries in Norwegian
Norwegian Bokml and Nynorsk dictionaries
Norwegian-English-Norwegian Dictionary
TriTrans English-Spanish-Norwegian dictionary
Polish
Microsoft Glossaries in Polish
Short Polish-English internetwork security word list
Small English-Polish dictionary
Portuguese
Bulgarian, English, Spanish, French, Portuguese and Italian dictionary
"Context" En/Fr/Ge/It/Sp/Ru/Po dictionary
Contains more than 500,000 terms.
Dicionários-Online.com
Dicionários, glossários, enciclopédias, atlas, e outras obras de referência em português na Internet.
English - Portuguese dictionary
Iberian Portuguese on-line dictionary
João Roque Dias' links to over 3500 portuguese glossaries
Michaelis Brazilian Portuguese - English/French/German/Spanish dictionary
This dictionary is only available to subscribers of "UOL."
Microsoft Glossaries in Portuguese
PORTUGUESE FOOD DICTIONARY
Portuguese Language
Portuguese-English-Portuguese Dictionary
Portoeditora Portuguese-English-Portuguese on-line dictionary
More than 600,000 searchable words. Approximately 235,000 definitions, expressions and example sentences. Technical and scientific vocabulary, including lexicon of new technologies. Detailed etymological information for more than 83,000 words. Verb conjugations for more than 13,500 verbs. Recognition of inflected forms.
TERMITE
TERMITE is the ITU's 60,000-entry terminology database containing primarily Telecommunication terms relating to technical standards. The database also Includes terms pertaining to technical fields and administrative and Financial matters relevant to the structure and functioning of ITU. The entries are primarily in English, French, Spanish and sometimes Russian (transcribed), although some may also contain Italian, German and Portuguese.
Romanian
English/Romanian/English online dictionary
Useful Words & Phrases in Romanian
German-Romanian and Romanian-German dictionary
Russian
Americana English-Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary
Online version of UNESCO award-winning Americana English-Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary, a first bilingual source about the United States. More than 20,000 entries. Print edition published by Polygramma (Russia). Edited by Ghelly Chernov.
"Context" En/Fr/Ge/It/Sp/Ru/Po dictionary
Contains more than 500,000 terms.
Czech from/to English, German, French, Italian, Spanish, Russian and Latin dictionary
English-Italian-Russian-French on-line dictionary on oil and gas
English-Russian Dictionary of Computing for Everyone
English-Russian Glossary of International Banking & Finance Acronyms and Abbreviations
Glossary of molecular biology terms and abbreviations (English, Italian, Russian)
Glossary of petroleum and natural gas terms (English, Italian, Russian, German, French)
Microsoft Glossaries in Russian
Rastafarian patois - English/Russian glossary
Russian-English-Russian Dictionary
Russian glossary
Slovak - Russian online dictionary
TERMITE
TERMITE is the ITU's 60,000-entry terminology database containing primarily Telecommunication terms relating to technical standards. The database also Includes terms pertaining to technical fields and administrative and Financial matters relevant to the structure and functioning of ITU. The entries are primarily in English, French, Spanish and sometimes Russian (transcribed), although some may also contain Italian, German and Portuguese.
Sign language
Sign language dictionaries and other resources
Sutton's Sign Language Dictionary
Slovak
English-Slovak dictionary
Microsoft Glossaries in Slovak
Small English - Slovak talking dictionary for tourists
Slovak - Russian online dictionary
Slovene
Microsoft Glossaries in Slovene
Slovene-English-Slovene computer dictionary
Somali
Somali-Italian-English Mathematical dictionary
Spanish
a glossary of medical Spanish terms
Bulgarian, English, Spanish, French, Portuguese and Italian dictionary
Business English-Spanish-English Glossary by A.D. Miles
Czech from/to English, German, French, Italian, Spanish, Russian and Latin dictionary
Diccionario Indonesio-Español (Indonesian-Spanish-Indonesian dictionary)
"Context" En/Fr/Ge/It/Sp/Ru/Po dictionary
Contains more than 500,000 terms.
En/Fr/Ge/Du/It/Sp dictionary
Contains about 16,000 words (per language), with all definitions in English. Has the ability to search for a word in English, French, German, Dutch, Italian, and Spanish. Additionally, there is a pronunciation file for each English word.
English-German-Spanish online dictionary featuring 900.000 entries, names, slang, scientific use, etc.
English-Spanish dictionary of library and information science
This is a compilation of terminology (both general and specific) used by library and information professionals and contains 89,215 entries. Last update November 2003.
English-Spanish Glossary of Computer Science Terminology
Over 11000 entries, English to Spanish with translation, explanation, links to webs and images. The glossary gathers those terms that are used in the field of Computer Science and other related sciences. It also includes companies, organisations and foundations, as well as prominent figures in the IT world.
English to Spanish Translation
german-spanish, spanish-german glossary
GLOSSARY OF ROOFING TILE-RELATED TERMS (ENGLISH-FRENCH-SPANISH)
New Spanish-English Dictionary
A new on-line dictionary based on the Collins Concise Spanish Dictionary. It also has a cool new browser customization.
SOCRAT downloadble english-spanish dictionary (24000 terms)
Spanish-English-Spanish Dictionary with audio pronunciations (57,000 entries)
Spanish-English-Spanish Proverbs Dictionary
A new dictionary of 5,000 proverbs and sayings.
Spanish to English Dictionary of Acounting Terms
Spanish to English Dictionary of Finance Terms.
Spanish Real-estate terms
Spanish-English word list of computer terms
Spanish Food Dictionary
Includes many food terms normally not included in general dictionaries.
Spanish glossary of internet terms
spanishnewyork.com - links to english/spanish on-line dictionaries
Spanish picture dictionary
Tax glossary
Triccionario: German-English-Spanish Business Dictionary
Contains about 100.000 translations in the business sector.
TriTrans English-Spanish-Norwegian dictionary
Tomísimo
wordreference.com - english/spanish on-line dictionary
Sumerian
A Lexicon of 1,119 Sumerian logograms
Swahili
Swahili-English-Swahili Dictionary
Swahili Living dictionary
Swahili - English Dictionary
Swedish
Collection of links to Swedish dictionaries covering various subjects
English-Swedish Internet glossary.
german-swedish, swedish-german glossary
Microsoft Glossaries in Swedish
Online English-Swedish-English Dictionary
Swedish Academy Dictionary
Swedish-English-Swedish Dictionary
Tagalog
Online English-Tagalog-English Dictionary
Tamil
Tamil-English-Tamil dictionary
Tamil-English-Tamil dictionary the world's No. 1 Free Online Tamil Dictionary with over 200,000 words.
Thai
Lexitron English-Thai dictionary
Turkish
Contemporary Turkish Literature (searchable)
English-Turkish dictionary of Computer Terms
Kurmancî - English/French/Kurdish/Latin/Turkish glossary
Microsoft Glossaries in Turkish
OnlineTurkish.com - Links to online Turkish glossaries and other resources
Turkish-English & English-Turkish dictionary (more than 400,000 words/phrases specializing in business terms) by Ugur Yorulmaz [Turkish version] and [English version]
Turkish-English-Turkish On Line dictionary
Turkish language resources with a dictionary including technical terms
Turkish Living Lexicon (research database with over 100,000 entries)
Ukrainian
English-Ukrainian dictionary
Japanese-Ukrainian-Japanese Online Dictionary
Urdu
Urdu-English dictionary
Vietnamese
English-Vietnamese dictionary of Technical Terms
Vietnamese-English-French Dictionary Online
Welsh
English-Welsh-English lexicon
Welsh-English dictionary
Welsh Meta-dictionary (inflected forms)
Yiddish
Online Yiddish dictionary
Source: www.lai.com/glossaries.html
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)
-
The following information is used for educational purposes only. 7 Self-Care Rituals That Will Make You a Happier and Healthier Perso...
-
The following information is used for educational purposes only. Transcript: ...
-
The following information is used for educational purposes only. ChatGPT, una introducción realista ChatGPT parece haber alcanz...
